Determining intracellular temperature at single-cell level by a novel thermocouple method

Dear Editor, Living cells can change their intramembranous temperature during cell activities such as division, gene expression, enzyme reaction, and metabolism [1, 2]. Moreover, under external stimuli, such as drugs or other signals, cells may quickly change their metabolic activities, leading to acute variation of intracellular temperatures from the normal state [3, 4].