Antigen-expressing immunostimulatory liposomes as a genetically programmable synthetic vaccine

Liposomes are versatile (sub)micron-sized membrane vesicles that can be used for a variety of applications, including drug delivery and in vivo imaging but they also represent excellent models for artificial membranes or cells. Several studies have demonstrated that in vitro transcription and translation can take place inside liposomes to obtain compartmentalized production of functional proteins within the liposomes (Kita et al. in Chembiochem 9(15):2403–2410, 2008 ; Moritani et al.in FEBS J, 2010 ; Kuruma et al. in Methods Mol Biol 607:161–171, 2010 ; Murtas et al. in Biochem Biophys Res Commun 363(1):12–17, 2007 ; Sunami et al. in Anal Biochem 357(1):128–136, 2006 ; Ishikawa et al. in FEBS Lett 576(3):387–390, 2004 ; Oberholzer et al. in Biochem Biophys Res Commun 261(2):238–241, 1999 ). Such a minimal artificial cell-based model is ideal for synthetic biology based applications. In this study, we propose the use of liposomes as artificial microbes for vaccination. These artificial microbes can be genetically programmed to produce specific antigens at will. To show proof-of-concept for this artificial cell-based platform, a bacterial in vitro transcription and translation system together with a gene construct encoding the model antigen β-galactosidase were entrapped inside multilamellar liposomes. Vaccination studies in mice showed that such antigen-expressing immunostimulatory liposomes (AnExILs) elicited higher specific humoral immune responses against the produced antigen (β-galactosidase) than control vaccines (i.e. AnExILs without genetic input, liposomal β-galactosidase or pDNA encoding β-galactosidase). In conclusion, AnExILs present a new platform for DNA-based vaccines which combines antigen production, adjuvanticity and delivery in one system and which offer several advantages over existing vaccine formulations.