Resolution of Toll‐like receptor 4‐mediated acute lung injury is linked to eicosanoids and suppressor of cytokine signaling 3

The purpose of this study was to investigate roles for Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) in host responses to sterile tissue injury. Hydrochloric acid was instilled into the left mainstem bronchus of TLR4‐defective (both C3H/HeJ and congenic C.C3‐Tlr4Lps‐d/J) and control mice to initiate mild, self‐limited acute lung injury (ALI). Outcome measures included respiratory mechanics, barrier integrity, leukocyte accumulation, and levels of select soluble mediators. TLR4‐defective mice were more resistant to ALI, with significantly decreased perturbations in lung elastance and resistance, resulting in faster resolution of these parameters [resolution interval (Ri); ~6 vs. 12 h]. Vascular permeability changes and oxidative stress were also decreased in injured HeJ mice. These TLR4‐defective mice paradoxically displayed increased lung neutrophils [(HeJ) 24x10 vs. (control) 13x10 cells/bronchoalveolar lavage]. Proresolving mechanisms for TLR4‐defective animals included decreased eicosanoid biosynthesis, including cysteinyl leukotrienes (80% mean decrease) that mediated CysLT1 receptor‐dependent vascular permeability changes; and induction of lung suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) expression that decreased TLR4‐driven oxidative stress. Together, these findings indicate pivotal roles for TLR4 in promoting sterile ALI and suggest downstream provocative roles for cysteinyl leukotrienes and protective roles for SOCS3 in the intensity and duration of host responses to ALI.—Hilberath, J N., Carlo, T., Pfeffer, M. A, Croze, R. H., Hastrup, F., Levy, B. D. Resolution of Toll‐like receptor 4‐mediated acute lung injury is linked to eicosanoids and suppressor of cytokine signaling 3. FASEB J. 25, 1827‐1835 (2011). www.fasebj.org