Low-carbohydrate diet scores and risk of type 2 diabetes in men
Background: Fat and protein sources may influence whether low-carbohydrate diets are associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Objective: The objective was to compare the associations of 3 low-carbohydrate diet scores with incident T2D. Design: A prospective cohort study was conducted in participants f...
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description | Background: Fat and protein sources may influence whether low-carbohydrate diets are associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D).
Objective: The objective was to compare the associations of 3 low-carbohydrate diet scores with incident T2D.
Design: A prospective cohort study was conducted in participants from the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study who were free of T2D, cardiovascular disease, or cancer at baseline (n = 40,475) for up to 20 y. Cumulative averages of 3 low-carbohydrate diet scores (high total protein and fat, high animal protein and fat, and high vegetable protein and fat) were calculated every 4 y from food-frequency questionnaires and were associated with incident T2D by using Cox models.
Results: We documented 2689 cases of T2D during follow-up. After adjustments for age, smoking, physical activity, coffee intake, alcohol intake, family history of T2D, total energy intake, and body mass index, the score for high animal protein and fat was associated with an increased risk of T2D [top compared with bottom quintile; hazard ratio (HR): 1.37; 95% CI: 1.20, 1.58; P for trend < 0.01]. Adjustment for red and processed meat attenuated this association (HR: 1.11; 95% CI: 0.95, 1.30; P for trend = 0.20). A high score for vegetable protein and fat was not significantly associated with the risk of T2D overall but was inversely associated with T2D in men aged |
doi_str_mv | 10.3945/ajcn.110.004333 |
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Objective: The objective was to compare the associations of 3 low-carbohydrate diet scores with incident T2D.
Design: A prospective cohort study was conducted in participants from the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study who were free of T2D, cardiovascular disease, or cancer at baseline (n = 40,475) for up to 20 y. Cumulative averages of 3 low-carbohydrate diet scores (high total protein and fat, high animal protein and fat, and high vegetable protein and fat) were calculated every 4 y from food-frequency questionnaires and were associated with incident T2D by using Cox models.
Results: We documented 2689 cases of T2D during follow-up. After adjustments for age, smoking, physical activity, coffee intake, alcohol intake, family history of T2D, total energy intake, and body mass index, the score for high animal protein and fat was associated with an increased risk of T2D [top compared with bottom quintile; hazard ratio (HR): 1.37; 95% CI: 1.20, 1.58; P for trend < 0.01]. Adjustment for red and processed meat attenuated this association (HR: 1.11; 95% CI: 0.95, 1.30; P for trend = 0.20). A high score for vegetable protein and fat was not significantly associated with the risk of T2D overall but was inversely associated with T2D in men aged <65 y (HR: 0.78; 95% CI: 0.66, 0.92; P for trend = 0.01, P for interaction = 0.01).
Conclusions: A score representing a low-carbohydrate diet high in animal protein and fat was positively associated with the risk of T2D in men. Low-carbohydrate diets should obtain protein and fat from foods other than red and processed meat.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0002-9165</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1938-3207</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.110.004333</identifier><identifier>PMID: 21310828</identifier><identifier>CODEN: AJCNAC</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Bethesda, MD: Elsevier Inc</publisher><subject>Adult ; Age Factors ; Aged ; Animals ; Biological and medical sciences ; Carbohydrates ; Diabetes ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - epidemiology ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - etiology ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - prevention & control ; Diet ; Diet Surveys ; Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted ; Dietary Fats - adverse effects ; Dietary Fats - pharmacology ; Dietary Proteins - adverse effects ; Feeding. Feeding behavior ; Follow-Up Studies ; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology ; Health risk assessment ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Meat - adverse effects ; Men ; Middle Aged ; Nutritional Epidemiology and Public Health ; Plant Oils ; Plant Proteins, Dietary ; Proportional Hazards Models ; Prospective Studies ; Proteins ; Questionnaires ; Risk Factors ; Studies ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Vertebrates: anatomy and physiology, studies on body, several organs or systems</subject><ispartof>The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2011-04, Vol.93 (4), p.844-850</ispartof><rights>2011 American Society for Nutrition.</rights><rights>2015 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>Copyright American Society for Clinical Nutrition, Inc. Apr 1, 2011</rights><rights>2011 American Society for Nutrition 2011</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c565t-6ffd04a48d32d38c45d918093044db60a708efd3ef4999c8b5b3b8da0e036e8b3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c565t-6ffd04a48d32d38c45d918093044db60a708efd3ef4999c8b5b3b8da0e036e8b3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>230,314,776,780,881,27901,27902</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=24023986$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21310828$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>de Koning, Lawrence</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fung, Teresa T</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liao, Xiaomei</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chiuve, Stephanie E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rimm, Eric B</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Willett, Walter C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Spiegelman, Donna</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hu, Frank B</creatorcontrib><title>Low-carbohydrate diet scores and risk of type 2 diabetes in men</title><title>The American journal of clinical nutrition</title><addtitle>Am J Clin Nutr</addtitle><description>Background: Fat and protein sources may influence whether low-carbohydrate diets are associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D).
Objective: The objective was to compare the associations of 3 low-carbohydrate diet scores with incident T2D.
Design: A prospective cohort study was conducted in participants from the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study who were free of T2D, cardiovascular disease, or cancer at baseline (n = 40,475) for up to 20 y. Cumulative averages of 3 low-carbohydrate diet scores (high total protein and fat, high animal protein and fat, and high vegetable protein and fat) were calculated every 4 y from food-frequency questionnaires and were associated with incident T2D by using Cox models.
Results: We documented 2689 cases of T2D during follow-up. After adjustments for age, smoking, physical activity, coffee intake, alcohol intake, family history of T2D, total energy intake, and body mass index, the score for high animal protein and fat was associated with an increased risk of T2D [top compared with bottom quintile; hazard ratio (HR): 1.37; 95% CI: 1.20, 1.58; P for trend < 0.01]. Adjustment for red and processed meat attenuated this association (HR: 1.11; 95% CI: 0.95, 1.30; P for trend = 0.20). A high score for vegetable protein and fat was not significantly associated with the risk of T2D overall but was inversely associated with T2D in men aged <65 y (HR: 0.78; 95% CI: 0.66, 0.92; P for trend = 0.01, P for interaction = 0.01).
Conclusions: A score representing a low-carbohydrate diet high in animal protein and fat was positively associated with the risk of T2D in men. Low-carbohydrate diets should obtain protein and fat from foods other than red and processed meat.</description><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Age Factors</subject><subject>Aged</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Carbohydrates</subject><subject>Diabetes</subject><subject>Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - epidemiology</subject><subject>Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - etiology</subject><subject>Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - prevention & control</subject><subject>Diet</subject><subject>Diet Surveys</subject><subject>Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted</subject><subject>Dietary Fats - adverse effects</subject><subject>Dietary Fats - pharmacology</subject><subject>Dietary Proteins - adverse effects</subject><subject>Feeding. Feeding behavior</subject><subject>Follow-Up Studies</subject><subject>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</subject><subject>Health risk assessment</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Incidence</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Meat - adverse effects</subject><subject>Men</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Nutritional Epidemiology and Public Health</subject><subject>Plant Oils</subject><subject>Plant Proteins, Dietary</subject><subject>Proportional Hazards Models</subject><subject>Prospective Studies</subject><subject>Proteins</subject><subject>Questionnaires</subject><subject>Risk Factors</subject><subject>Studies</subject><subject>Surveys and Questionnaires</subject><subject>Vertebrates: anatomy and physiology, studies on body, several organs or systems</subject><issn>0002-9165</issn><issn>1938-3207</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2011</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNp1kEtPGzEUha0KVALtujs0QmI5cP2a2JtWFeIlRWJD15bHvlMcEju1J1T59xglhbJgZVnn8_HRR8g3CmdcC3lu5y6e0XoDEJzzT2RCNVctZzDdIxMAYK2mnTwgh6XMASgTqvtMDhjlFBRTE_Jjlv62zuY-PWx8tiM2PuDYFJcylsZG3-RQHps0NONmhQ2rse1xrFmIzRLjF7I_2EXBr7vziPy6ury_uGlnd9e3Fz9nrZOdHNtuGDwIK5TnzHPlhPSaKtAchPB9B3YKCgfPcRBaa6d62fNeeQsIvEPV8yPyfdu7WvdL9A7jmO3CrHJY2rwxyQbzPonhwfxOT4aDnEoJteBkV5DTnzWW0czTOse62ahOKKqoYBU630Iup1IyDq8fUDAvws2LcFOFm63w-uL4_12v_D_DFTjdAbY4uxiyjS6UN04A41p1ldNbDqvFp4DZFBcwOvQhoxuNT-HDEc8pNpw6</recordid><startdate>20110401</startdate><enddate>20110401</enddate><creator>de Koning, Lawrence</creator><creator>Fung, Teresa T</creator><creator>Liao, Xiaomei</creator><creator>Chiuve, Stephanie E</creator><creator>Rimm, Eric B</creator><creator>Willett, Walter C</creator><creator>Spiegelman, Donna</creator><creator>Hu, Frank B</creator><general>Elsevier Inc</general><general>American Society for Nutrition</general><general>American Society for Clinical Nutrition, Inc</general><scope>6I.</scope><scope>AAFTH</scope><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QP</scope><scope>7T7</scope><scope>7TS</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20110401</creationdate><title>Low-carbohydrate diet scores and risk of type 2 diabetes in men</title><author>de Koning, Lawrence ; Fung, Teresa T ; Liao, Xiaomei ; Chiuve, Stephanie E ; Rimm, Eric B ; Willett, Walter C ; Spiegelman, Donna ; Hu, Frank B</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c565t-6ffd04a48d32d38c45d918093044db60a708efd3ef4999c8b5b3b8da0e036e8b3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2011</creationdate><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Age Factors</topic><topic>Aged</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Carbohydrates</topic><topic>Diabetes</topic><topic>Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - epidemiology</topic><topic>Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - etiology</topic><topic>Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - prevention & control</topic><topic>Diet</topic><topic>Diet Surveys</topic><topic>Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted</topic><topic>Dietary Fats - adverse effects</topic><topic>Dietary Fats - pharmacology</topic><topic>Dietary Proteins - adverse effects</topic><topic>Feeding. Feeding behavior</topic><topic>Follow-Up Studies</topic><topic>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</topic><topic>Health risk assessment</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Incidence</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Meat - adverse effects</topic><topic>Men</topic><topic>Middle Aged</topic><topic>Nutritional Epidemiology and Public Health</topic><topic>Plant Oils</topic><topic>Plant Proteins, Dietary</topic><topic>Proportional Hazards Models</topic><topic>Prospective Studies</topic><topic>Proteins</topic><topic>Questionnaires</topic><topic>Risk Factors</topic><topic>Studies</topic><topic>Surveys and Questionnaires</topic><topic>Vertebrates: anatomy and physiology, studies on body, several organs or systems</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>de Koning, Lawrence</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fung, Teresa T</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liao, Xiaomei</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chiuve, Stephanie E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rimm, Eric B</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Willett, Walter C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Spiegelman, Donna</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hu, Frank B</creatorcontrib><collection>ScienceDirect Open Access Titles</collection><collection>Elsevier:ScienceDirect:Open Access</collection><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Calcium & Calcified Tissue Abstracts</collection><collection>Industrial and Applied Microbiology Abstracts (Microbiology A)</collection><collection>Physical Education Index</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>The American journal of clinical nutrition</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>de Koning, Lawrence</au><au>Fung, Teresa T</au><au>Liao, Xiaomei</au><au>Chiuve, Stephanie E</au><au>Rimm, Eric B</au><au>Willett, Walter C</au><au>Spiegelman, Donna</au><au>Hu, Frank B</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Low-carbohydrate diet scores and risk of type 2 diabetes in men</atitle><jtitle>The American journal of clinical nutrition</jtitle><addtitle>Am J Clin Nutr</addtitle><date>2011-04-01</date><risdate>2011</risdate><volume>93</volume><issue>4</issue><spage>844</spage><epage>850</epage><pages>844-850</pages><issn>0002-9165</issn><eissn>1938-3207</eissn><coden>AJCNAC</coden><abstract>Background: Fat and protein sources may influence whether low-carbohydrate diets are associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D).
Objective: The objective was to compare the associations of 3 low-carbohydrate diet scores with incident T2D.
Design: A prospective cohort study was conducted in participants from the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study who were free of T2D, cardiovascular disease, or cancer at baseline (n = 40,475) for up to 20 y. Cumulative averages of 3 low-carbohydrate diet scores (high total protein and fat, high animal protein and fat, and high vegetable protein and fat) were calculated every 4 y from food-frequency questionnaires and were associated with incident T2D by using Cox models.
Results: We documented 2689 cases of T2D during follow-up. After adjustments for age, smoking, physical activity, coffee intake, alcohol intake, family history of T2D, total energy intake, and body mass index, the score for high animal protein and fat was associated with an increased risk of T2D [top compared with bottom quintile; hazard ratio (HR): 1.37; 95% CI: 1.20, 1.58; P for trend < 0.01]. Adjustment for red and processed meat attenuated this association (HR: 1.11; 95% CI: 0.95, 1.30; P for trend = 0.20). A high score for vegetable protein and fat was not significantly associated with the risk of T2D overall but was inversely associated with T2D in men aged <65 y (HR: 0.78; 95% CI: 0.66, 0.92; P for trend = 0.01, P for interaction = 0.01).
Conclusions: A score representing a low-carbohydrate diet high in animal protein and fat was positively associated with the risk of T2D in men. Low-carbohydrate diets should obtain protein and fat from foods other than red and processed meat.</abstract><cop>Bethesda, MD</cop><pub>Elsevier Inc</pub><pmid>21310828</pmid><doi>10.3945/ajcn.110.004333</doi><tpages>7</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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subjects | Adult Age Factors Aged Animals Biological and medical sciences Carbohydrates Diabetes Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - epidemiology Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - etiology Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - prevention & control Diet Diet Surveys Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted Dietary Fats - adverse effects Dietary Fats - pharmacology Dietary Proteins - adverse effects Feeding. Feeding behavior Follow-Up Studies Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Health risk assessment Humans Incidence Male Meat - adverse effects Men Middle Aged Nutritional Epidemiology and Public Health Plant Oils Plant Proteins, Dietary Proportional Hazards Models Prospective Studies Proteins Questionnaires Risk Factors Studies Surveys and Questionnaires Vertebrates: anatomy and physiology, studies on body, several organs or systems |
title | Low-carbohydrate diet scores and risk of type 2 diabetes in men |
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