Sub-chronic Hepatotoxicity of Anacardium occidentale (Anacardiaceae) Inner Stem Bark Extract in Rats
The extracts of Anacardium occidentale have been used in the management of different cardiovascular disorders in Nigeria. These have necessitated the assessment of the toxicity of this plant extract in sub-chronic administration. The inner stem bark of Anacardium occidentale was extracted with 80 %...
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description | The extracts of Anacardium occidentale have been used in the management of different cardiovascular disorders in Nigeria. These have necessitated the assessment of the toxicity of this plant extract in sub-chronic administration. The inner stem bark of Anacardium occidentale was extracted with 80 % methanol and quantitatively analysed for antinutrients and some heavy metals. The phytochemical compositions and acute toxicity of the extract were determined also. Toxicity profiles of the extract on some liver function parameters were evaluated following a sub-chronic oral administration at doses of 1.44 and 2.87 g/kg. The phytochemical screening of extract revealed the presence of high amount of tannins, moderate saponins and trace of free reducing sugars. The antinutrient levels were 5.75 % (tannins), 2.50 % (oxalates), 2.00 % (saponins), 0.25 % (phytate) and 0.03 % (cyanide). The quantity of iron detected from dried crude was 8.92 mg/100 g, while lead and cadmium were non-detectable. The extract had LD(50)of 2.154g/kg p.o. in mice. Sub-chronic administration of the extract significantly increased the serum levels of alanine aminotransaminase and aspartate aminotransaminase, which are indicative of liver damage. The serum levels of alkaline phosphatase and total protein of the treated animals were not significantly increased. The effects of sub-chronically administered extract on hepatocytes were minimal as the serum alkaline phosphatase; total bilirubin and total protein levels in treated animals were not significant (p< 0.05). Thus, sub-chronic administrations of Anacardium occidentale inner stem bark extract did not significantly (p< 0.05) depress the function of hepatocytes in Wistar rats. |
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These have necessitated the assessment of the toxicity of this plant extract in sub-chronic administration. The inner stem bark of Anacardium occidentale was extracted with 80 % methanol and quantitatively analysed for antinutrients and some heavy metals. The phytochemical compositions and acute toxicity of the extract were determined also. Toxicity profiles of the extract on some liver function parameters were evaluated following a sub-chronic oral administration at doses of 1.44 and 2.87 g/kg. The phytochemical screening of extract revealed the presence of high amount of tannins, moderate saponins and trace of free reducing sugars. The antinutrient levels were 5.75 % (tannins), 2.50 % (oxalates), 2.00 % (saponins), 0.25 % (phytate) and 0.03 % (cyanide). The quantity of iron detected from dried crude was 8.92 mg/100 g, while lead and cadmium were non-detectable. The extract had LD(50)of 2.154g/kg p.o. in mice. Sub-chronic administration of the extract significantly increased the serum levels of alanine aminotransaminase and aspartate aminotransaminase, which are indicative of liver damage. The serum levels of alkaline phosphatase and total protein of the treated animals were not significantly increased. The effects of sub-chronically administered extract on hepatocytes were minimal as the serum alkaline phosphatase; total bilirubin and total protein levels in treated animals were not significant (p< 0.05). Thus, sub-chronic administrations of Anacardium occidentale inner stem bark extract did not significantly (p< 0.05) depress the function of hepatocytes in Wistar rats.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0250-474X</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1998-3743</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.4103/0250-474X.70482</identifier><identifier>PMID: 21188045</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>India: Medknow Publications and Media Pvt. Ltd</publisher><subject>Acute toxicity ; Aging ; Alanine ; Alkaline phosphatase ; Anacardiaceae ; Anacardium occidentale ; Animals ; Apoptosis ; Bark ; Cadmium ; Cyanide ; Fruit juices ; Heavy metals ; Hepatocytes ; Iron ; Lead ; Liver ; Medical research ; Medicine, Botanic ; Medicine, Herbal ; Metals ; Methanol ; Methods ; Oral administration ; Oxalic acid ; Plant extracts ; Rodents ; Saponins ; Seeds ; Serum levels ; Short Communication ; Sugar ; Tannic acid ; Toxicity</subject><ispartof>Indian journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 2010-05, Vol.72 (3), p.353-357</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2010 Medknow Publications and Media Pvt. Ltd.</rights><rights>Copyright Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd Feb 2010</rights><rights>Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2010</rights><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c480t-c4cbb9d314ffde6084d909b764138fcf248daee33112799dc25aacf8b1dcb45f3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c480t-c4cbb9d314ffde6084d909b764138fcf248daee33112799dc25aacf8b1dcb45f3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3003169/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3003169/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,881,27901,27902,53766,53768</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21188045$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Okonkwo, T J N</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Okorie, O</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Okonta, J M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Okonkwo, C J</creatorcontrib><title>Sub-chronic Hepatotoxicity of Anacardium occidentale (Anacardiaceae) Inner Stem Bark Extract in Rats</title><title>Indian journal of pharmaceutical sciences</title><addtitle>Indian J Pharm Sci</addtitle><description>The extracts of Anacardium occidentale have been used in the management of different cardiovascular disorders in Nigeria. These have necessitated the assessment of the toxicity of this plant extract in sub-chronic administration. The inner stem bark of Anacardium occidentale was extracted with 80 % methanol and quantitatively analysed for antinutrients and some heavy metals. The phytochemical compositions and acute toxicity of the extract were determined also. Toxicity profiles of the extract on some liver function parameters were evaluated following a sub-chronic oral administration at doses of 1.44 and 2.87 g/kg. The phytochemical screening of extract revealed the presence of high amount of tannins, moderate saponins and trace of free reducing sugars. The antinutrient levels were 5.75 % (tannins), 2.50 % (oxalates), 2.00 % (saponins), 0.25 % (phytate) and 0.03 % (cyanide). The quantity of iron detected from dried crude was 8.92 mg/100 g, while lead and cadmium were non-detectable. The extract had LD(50)of 2.154g/kg p.o. in mice. Sub-chronic administration of the extract significantly increased the serum levels of alanine aminotransaminase and aspartate aminotransaminase, which are indicative of liver damage. The serum levels of alkaline phosphatase and total protein of the treated animals were not significantly increased. The effects of sub-chronically administered extract on hepatocytes were minimal as the serum alkaline phosphatase; total bilirubin and total protein levels in treated animals were not significant (p< 0.05). Thus, sub-chronic administrations of Anacardium occidentale inner stem bark extract did not significantly (p< 0.05) depress the function of hepatocytes in Wistar rats.</description><subject>Acute toxicity</subject><subject>Aging</subject><subject>Alanine</subject><subject>Alkaline phosphatase</subject><subject>Anacardiaceae</subject><subject>Anacardium occidentale</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Apoptosis</subject><subject>Bark</subject><subject>Cadmium</subject><subject>Cyanide</subject><subject>Fruit juices</subject><subject>Heavy metals</subject><subject>Hepatocytes</subject><subject>Iron</subject><subject>Lead</subject><subject>Liver</subject><subject>Medical research</subject><subject>Medicine, Botanic</subject><subject>Medicine, Herbal</subject><subject>Metals</subject><subject>Methanol</subject><subject>Methods</subject><subject>Oral administration</subject><subject>Oxalic acid</subject><subject>Plant extracts</subject><subject>Rodents</subject><subject>Saponins</subject><subject>Seeds</subject><subject>Serum levels</subject><subject>Short Communication</subject><subject>Sugar</subject><subject>Tannic acid</subject><subject>Toxicity</subject><issn>0250-474X</issn><issn>1998-3743</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2010</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNpdkc1LHTEUxYNY6utr1-4k2I1djCaTzEyyKbyKrYJQqBXchUw-NDqTPJNM0f--mT59tN3kQu7vHu49B4B9jI4pRuQE1Q2qaEdvjjtEWb0DFphzVpGOkl2w2Hb3wLuU7hEivCbdW7BXY8wYos0C6Kupr9RdDN4peG7WMoccnpxy-RkGC1deKhm1m0YYlHLa-CwHA49e_6Uy0nyCF96bCK-yGeEXGR_g2VOOUmXoPPwhc3oP3lg5JPPhpS7B9dezn6fn1eX3bxenq8tKUYZyeVXfc00wtVabFjGqOeJ911JMmFW2pkxLYwjBuO4416pupFSW9VirnjaWLMHnje566kejVdk2ykGsoxtlfBZBOvFvx7s7cRt-CVKswS0vAkcvAjE8TiZlMbqkzDBIb8KURLGctajBpS7B4X_ofZiiL-cJ1rYtRZTM0McNdFtcE87bMPsya4pVTRhteNfiQp1sKBVDStHY7cYYiTlmMQcp5iDFn5jLxMHfh27511zJbwr4otQ</recordid><startdate>20100501</startdate><enddate>20100501</enddate><creator>Okonkwo, T J N</creator><creator>Okorie, O</creator><creator>Okonta, J M</creator><creator>Okonkwo, C J</creator><general>Medknow Publications and Media Pvt. Ltd</general><general>Medknow Publications & Media Pvt. Ltd</general><general>Medknow Publications</general><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>7U7</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20100501</creationdate><title>Sub-chronic Hepatotoxicity of Anacardium occidentale (Anacardiaceae) Inner Stem Bark Extract in Rats</title><author>Okonkwo, T J N ; Okorie, O ; Okonta, J M ; Okonkwo, C J</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c480t-c4cbb9d314ffde6084d909b764138fcf248daee33112799dc25aacf8b1dcb45f3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2010</creationdate><topic>Acute toxicity</topic><topic>Aging</topic><topic>Alanine</topic><topic>Alkaline phosphatase</topic><topic>Anacardiaceae</topic><topic>Anacardium occidentale</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Apoptosis</topic><topic>Bark</topic><topic>Cadmium</topic><topic>Cyanide</topic><topic>Fruit juices</topic><topic>Heavy metals</topic><topic>Hepatocytes</topic><topic>Iron</topic><topic>Lead</topic><topic>Liver</topic><topic>Medical research</topic><topic>Medicine, Botanic</topic><topic>Medicine, Herbal</topic><topic>Metals</topic><topic>Methanol</topic><topic>Methods</topic><topic>Oral administration</topic><topic>Oxalic acid</topic><topic>Plant extracts</topic><topic>Rodents</topic><topic>Saponins</topic><topic>Seeds</topic><topic>Serum levels</topic><topic>Short Communication</topic><topic>Sugar</topic><topic>Tannic acid</topic><topic>Toxicity</topic><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Okonkwo, T J N</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Okorie, O</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Okonta, J M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Okonkwo, C J</creatorcontrib><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Biotechnology Research Abstracts</collection><collection>Toxicology Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Indian journal of pharmaceutical sciences</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Okonkwo, T J N</au><au>Okorie, O</au><au>Okonta, J M</au><au>Okonkwo, C J</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Sub-chronic Hepatotoxicity of Anacardium occidentale (Anacardiaceae) Inner Stem Bark Extract in Rats</atitle><jtitle>Indian journal of pharmaceutical sciences</jtitle><addtitle>Indian J Pharm Sci</addtitle><date>2010-05-01</date><risdate>2010</risdate><volume>72</volume><issue>3</issue><spage>353</spage><epage>357</epage><pages>353-357</pages><issn>0250-474X</issn><eissn>1998-3743</eissn><abstract>The extracts of Anacardium occidentale have been used in the management of different cardiovascular disorders in Nigeria. These have necessitated the assessment of the toxicity of this plant extract in sub-chronic administration. The inner stem bark of Anacardium occidentale was extracted with 80 % methanol and quantitatively analysed for antinutrients and some heavy metals. The phytochemical compositions and acute toxicity of the extract were determined also. Toxicity profiles of the extract on some liver function parameters were evaluated following a sub-chronic oral administration at doses of 1.44 and 2.87 g/kg. The phytochemical screening of extract revealed the presence of high amount of tannins, moderate saponins and trace of free reducing sugars. The antinutrient levels were 5.75 % (tannins), 2.50 % (oxalates), 2.00 % (saponins), 0.25 % (phytate) and 0.03 % (cyanide). The quantity of iron detected from dried crude was 8.92 mg/100 g, while lead and cadmium were non-detectable. The extract had LD(50)of 2.154g/kg p.o. in mice. Sub-chronic administration of the extract significantly increased the serum levels of alanine aminotransaminase and aspartate aminotransaminase, which are indicative of liver damage. The serum levels of alkaline phosphatase and total protein of the treated animals were not significantly increased. The effects of sub-chronically administered extract on hepatocytes were minimal as the serum alkaline phosphatase; total bilirubin and total protein levels in treated animals were not significant (p< 0.05). Thus, sub-chronic administrations of Anacardium occidentale inner stem bark extract did not significantly (p< 0.05) depress the function of hepatocytes in Wistar rats.</abstract><cop>India</cop><pub>Medknow Publications and Media Pvt. Ltd</pub><pmid>21188045</pmid><doi>10.4103/0250-474X.70482</doi><tpages>5</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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subjects | Acute toxicity Aging Alanine Alkaline phosphatase Anacardiaceae Anacardium occidentale Animals Apoptosis Bark Cadmium Cyanide Fruit juices Heavy metals Hepatocytes Iron Lead Liver Medical research Medicine, Botanic Medicine, Herbal Metals Methanol Methods Oral administration Oxalic acid Plant extracts Rodents Saponins Seeds Serum levels Short Communication Sugar Tannic acid Toxicity |
title | Sub-chronic Hepatotoxicity of Anacardium occidentale (Anacardiaceae) Inner Stem Bark Extract in Rats |
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