Sub-chronic Hepatotoxicity of Anacardium occidentale (Anacardiaceae) Inner Stem Bark Extract in Rats

The extracts of Anacardium occidentale have been used in the management of different cardiovascular disorders in Nigeria. These have necessitated the assessment of the toxicity of this plant extract in sub-chronic administration. The inner stem bark of Anacardium occidentale was extracted with 80 %...

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Veröffentlicht in:Indian journal of pharmaceutical sciences 2010-05, Vol.72 (3), p.353-357
Hauptverfasser: Okonkwo, T J N, Okorie, O, Okonta, J M, Okonkwo, C J
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Okorie, O
Okonta, J M
Okonkwo, C J
description The extracts of Anacardium occidentale have been used in the management of different cardiovascular disorders in Nigeria. These have necessitated the assessment of the toxicity of this plant extract in sub-chronic administration. The inner stem bark of Anacardium occidentale was extracted with 80 % methanol and quantitatively analysed for antinutrients and some heavy metals. The phytochemical compositions and acute toxicity of the extract were determined also. Toxicity profiles of the extract on some liver function parameters were evaluated following a sub-chronic oral administration at doses of 1.44 and 2.87 g/kg. The phytochemical screening of extract revealed the presence of high amount of tannins, moderate saponins and trace of free reducing sugars. The antinutrient levels were 5.75 % (tannins), 2.50 % (oxalates), 2.00 % (saponins), 0.25 % (phytate) and 0.03 % (cyanide). The quantity of iron detected from dried crude was 8.92 mg/100 g, while lead and cadmium were non-detectable. The extract had LD(50)of 2.154g/kg p.o. in mice. Sub-chronic administration of the extract significantly increased the serum levels of alanine aminotransaminase and aspartate aminotransaminase, which are indicative of liver damage. The serum levels of alkaline phosphatase and total protein of the treated animals were not significantly increased. The effects of sub-chronically administered extract on hepatocytes were minimal as the serum alkaline phosphatase; total bilirubin and total protein levels in treated animals were not significant (p< 0.05). Thus, sub-chronic administrations of Anacardium occidentale inner stem bark extract did not significantly (p< 0.05) depress the function of hepatocytes in Wistar rats.
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These have necessitated the assessment of the toxicity of this plant extract in sub-chronic administration. The inner stem bark of Anacardium occidentale was extracted with 80 % methanol and quantitatively analysed for antinutrients and some heavy metals. The phytochemical compositions and acute toxicity of the extract were determined also. Toxicity profiles of the extract on some liver function parameters were evaluated following a sub-chronic oral administration at doses of 1.44 and 2.87 g/kg. The phytochemical screening of extract revealed the presence of high amount of tannins, moderate saponins and trace of free reducing sugars. The antinutrient levels were 5.75 % (tannins), 2.50 % (oxalates), 2.00 % (saponins), 0.25 % (phytate) and 0.03 % (cyanide). The quantity of iron detected from dried crude was 8.92 mg/100 g, while lead and cadmium were non-detectable. The extract had LD(50)of 2.154g/kg p.o. in mice. Sub-chronic administration of the extract significantly increased the serum levels of alanine aminotransaminase and aspartate aminotransaminase, which are indicative of liver damage. The serum levels of alkaline phosphatase and total protein of the treated animals were not significantly increased. The effects of sub-chronically administered extract on hepatocytes were minimal as the serum alkaline phosphatase; total bilirubin and total protein levels in treated animals were not significant (p&lt; 0.05). Thus, sub-chronic administrations of Anacardium occidentale inner stem bark extract did not significantly (p&lt; 0.05) depress the function of hepatocytes in Wistar rats.</description><subject>Acute toxicity</subject><subject>Aging</subject><subject>Alanine</subject><subject>Alkaline phosphatase</subject><subject>Anacardiaceae</subject><subject>Anacardium occidentale</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Apoptosis</subject><subject>Bark</subject><subject>Cadmium</subject><subject>Cyanide</subject><subject>Fruit juices</subject><subject>Heavy metals</subject><subject>Hepatocytes</subject><subject>Iron</subject><subject>Lead</subject><subject>Liver</subject><subject>Medical research</subject><subject>Medicine, Botanic</subject><subject>Medicine, Herbal</subject><subject>Metals</subject><subject>Methanol</subject><subject>Methods</subject><subject>Oral administration</subject><subject>Oxalic acid</subject><subject>Plant extracts</subject><subject>Rodents</subject><subject>Saponins</subject><subject>Seeds</subject><subject>Serum levels</subject><subject>Short Communication</subject><subject>Sugar</subject><subject>Tannic acid</subject><subject>Toxicity</subject><issn>0250-474X</issn><issn>1998-3743</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2010</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNpdkc1LHTEUxYNY6utr1-4k2I1djCaTzEyyKbyKrYJQqBXchUw-NDqTPJNM0f--mT59tN3kQu7vHu49B4B9jI4pRuQE1Q2qaEdvjjtEWb0DFphzVpGOkl2w2Hb3wLuU7hEivCbdW7BXY8wYos0C6Kupr9RdDN4peG7WMoccnpxy-RkGC1deKhm1m0YYlHLa-CwHA49e_6Uy0nyCF96bCK-yGeEXGR_g2VOOUmXoPPwhc3oP3lg5JPPhpS7B9dezn6fn1eX3bxenq8tKUYZyeVXfc00wtVabFjGqOeJ911JMmFW2pkxLYwjBuO4416pupFSW9VirnjaWLMHnje566kejVdk2ykGsoxtlfBZBOvFvx7s7cRt-CVKswS0vAkcvAjE8TiZlMbqkzDBIb8KURLGctajBpS7B4X_ofZiiL-cJ1rYtRZTM0McNdFtcE87bMPsya4pVTRhteNfiQp1sKBVDStHY7cYYiTlmMQcp5iDFn5jLxMHfh27511zJbwr4otQ</recordid><startdate>20100501</startdate><enddate>20100501</enddate><creator>Okonkwo, T J N</creator><creator>Okorie, O</creator><creator>Okonta, J M</creator><creator>Okonkwo, C J</creator><general>Medknow Publications and Media Pvt. 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These have necessitated the assessment of the toxicity of this plant extract in sub-chronic administration. The inner stem bark of Anacardium occidentale was extracted with 80 % methanol and quantitatively analysed for antinutrients and some heavy metals. The phytochemical compositions and acute toxicity of the extract were determined also. Toxicity profiles of the extract on some liver function parameters were evaluated following a sub-chronic oral administration at doses of 1.44 and 2.87 g/kg. The phytochemical screening of extract revealed the presence of high amount of tannins, moderate saponins and trace of free reducing sugars. The antinutrient levels were 5.75 % (tannins), 2.50 % (oxalates), 2.00 % (saponins), 0.25 % (phytate) and 0.03 % (cyanide). The quantity of iron detected from dried crude was 8.92 mg/100 g, while lead and cadmium were non-detectable. The extract had LD(50)of 2.154g/kg p.o. in mice. Sub-chronic administration of the extract significantly increased the serum levels of alanine aminotransaminase and aspartate aminotransaminase, which are indicative of liver damage. The serum levels of alkaline phosphatase and total protein of the treated animals were not significantly increased. The effects of sub-chronically administered extract on hepatocytes were minimal as the serum alkaline phosphatase; total bilirubin and total protein levels in treated animals were not significant (p&lt; 0.05). Thus, sub-chronic administrations of Anacardium occidentale inner stem bark extract did not significantly (p&lt; 0.05) depress the function of hepatocytes in Wistar rats.</abstract><cop>India</cop><pub>Medknow Publications and Media Pvt. Ltd</pub><pmid>21188045</pmid><doi>10.4103/0250-474X.70482</doi><tpages>5</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record>
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ispartof Indian journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 2010-05, Vol.72 (3), p.353-357
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subjects Acute toxicity
Aging
Alanine
Alkaline phosphatase
Anacardiaceae
Anacardium occidentale
Animals
Apoptosis
Bark
Cadmium
Cyanide
Fruit juices
Heavy metals
Hepatocytes
Iron
Lead
Liver
Medical research
Medicine, Botanic
Medicine, Herbal
Metals
Methanol
Methods
Oral administration
Oxalic acid
Plant extracts
Rodents
Saponins
Seeds
Serum levels
Short Communication
Sugar
Tannic acid
Toxicity
title Sub-chronic Hepatotoxicity of Anacardium occidentale (Anacardiaceae) Inner Stem Bark Extract in Rats
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