Structural Determinants of Cadherin-23 Function in Hearing and Deafness

The hair-cell tip link, a fine filament directly conveying force to mechanosensitive transduction channels, is composed of two proteins, protocadherin-15 and cadherin-23, whose mutation causes deafness. However, their molecular structure, elasticity, and deafness-related structural defects are unknown. We present crystal structures of the first and second extracellular cadherin repeats of cadherin-23. Overall, structures show typical cadherin folds, but reveal an elongated N terminus that precludes classical cadherin interactions and contributes to an N-terminal Ca 2+-binding site. The deafness mutation D101G, in the linker region between the repeats, causes a slight bend between repeats and decreases Ca 2+ affinity. Molecular dynamics simulations suggest that cadherin-23 repeats are stiff and that either removing Ca 2+ or mutating Ca 2+-binding residues reduces rigidity and unfolding strength. The structures define an uncharacterized cadherin family and, with simulations, suggest mechanisms underlying inherited deafness and how cadherin-23 may bind with itself and with protocadherin-15 to form the tip link. ► Cadherin-23 N terminus defines a cadherin family and suggests new binding mechanisms ► Cadherin-23 mechanical strength is dominated by Ca 2+ ions bound between EC repeats ► Cadherin-23 is stiffer than the biophysically defined hair-cell gating spring ► Cadherin-23 deafness mutations reduce Ca 2+ affinity and unfolding strength