B‐Cell Immunity in the Context of T‐Cell Tolerance after Combined Kidney and Bone Marrow Transplantation in Humans

Five patients with end‐stage kidney disease received combined kidney and bone marrow transplants from HLA haploidentical donors following nonmyeloablative conditioning to induce renal allograft tolerance. Immunosuppressive therapy was successfully discontinued in four patients with subsequent follow‐up of 3 to more than 6 years. This allograft acceptance was accompanied by specific T‐cell unresponsiveness to donor antigens. However, two of these four patients showed evidence of de novo antibodies reactive to donor antigens between 1 and 2 years posttransplant. These humoral responses were characterized by the presence of donor HLA‐specific antibodies in the serum with or without the deposition of the complement molecule C4d in the graft. Immunofluorescence staining, ELISA assays and antibody profiling using protein microarrays demonstrated the co‐development of auto‐ and alloantibodies in these two patients. These responses were preceded by elevated serum BAFF levels and coincided with B‐cell reconstitution as revealed by a high frequency of transitional B cells in the periphery. To date, these B cell responses have not been associated with evidence of humoral rejection and their clinical significance is still unclear. Overall, our findings showed the development of B‐cell allo‐ and autoimmunity in patients with T‐cell tolerance to the donor graft. Immune monitoring techniques show the co‐development of allo‐ and autoantibodies in recipients of combined kidney and bone‐marrow transplantation amidst B cell reconstitution.