Transition State Analogues Rescue Ribosomes from Saporin-L1 Ribosome Inactivating Protein

Ribosome inactivating proteins (RIPs) catalyze the hydrolytic depurination of one or more adenosine residues from eukaryotic ribosomes. Depurination of the ribosomal sarcin−ricin tetraloop (GAGA) causes inhibition of protein synthesis and cellular death. We characterized the catalytic properties of saporin-L1 from Saponaria officinalis (soapwort) leaves, and it demonstrated robust activity against defined nucleic acid substrates and mammalian ribosomes. Transition state analogue mimics of small oligonucleotide substrates of saporin-L1 are powerful, slow-onset inhibitors when adenosine is replaced with the transition state mimic 9-deazaadenine-9-methylene-N-hydroxypyrrolidine (DADMeA). Linear, cyclic, and stem−loop oligonucleotide inhibitors containing DADMeA and based on the GAGA sarcin−ricin tetraloop gave slow-onset tight-binding inhibition constants (K i*) of 2.3−8.7 nM under physiological conditions and bind up to 40000-fold tighter than RNA substrates. Saporin-L1 inhibition of rabbit reticulocyte translation was protected by these inhibitors. Transition state analogues of saporin-L1 have potential in cancer therapy that employs saporin-L1-linked immunotoxins.