Identification of macrophage migration inhibitory factor and human neutrophil peptides 1–3 as potential biomarkers for gastric cancer

Background: Proteomic methods have the potential to meet the urgent need for better cancer biomarkers. We have used a range of proteomic analyses of serum and tissue from gastric cancer patients and relevant controls to discover biomarkers for gastric cancer. Methods: Surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SELDI) and antibody arrays were used to compare protein expression in 21 pairs of gastric cancer tissue and adjacent normal mucosa and serum from 51 gastric cancer patients and 29 patients with benign gastric diseases. Expression differences were confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Tissue analysis shows human neutrophil peptides 1–3 (HNPs 1–3) elevated 10-fold ( P =0.001) in gastric cancer relative to adjacent normal mucosa. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) was increased five-fold ( P =1.84 × 10 −7 ) in the serum of gastric cancer patients relative to individuals with benign gastric disease. The large increase in MIF concentration in serum gives an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.85. Conclusions: Proteomic analyses of serum and tissue indicate that HNPs 1–3 and MIF have potential as biomarkers for gastric cancer. In particular MIF may be useful, either alone or in combination with other markers, for diagnosing and monitoring gastric cancer.