Chemistry, Biology, and QSAR Studies of Substituted Biaryl Hydroxamates and Mercaptoacetamides as HDAC Inhibitors-Nanomolar-Potency Inhibitors of Pancreatic Cancer Cell Growth

The histone deacetylases (HDACs) are able to regulate gene expression, and inhibitors of the HDACs (HDACIs) hold promise in the treatment of cancer as well as a variety of neurodegenerative diseases. To investigate the potential for isoform selectivity in the inhibition of HDACs, we prepared a small series of 2,4′‐diaminobiphenyl ligands functionalized at the para‐amino group with an appendage containing either a hydroxamate or a mercaptoacetamide group and coupled to an amino acid residue at the ortho‐amino group. A smaller series of substituted phenylthiazoles was also explored. Some of these newly synthesized ligands show low‐nanomolar potency in HDAC inhibition assays and display micromolar to low‐nanomolar IC50 values in tests against five pancreatic cancer cell lines. The isoform selectivity of these ligands for class I HDACs (HDAC1–3 and 8) and class IIb HDACs (HDAC6 and 10) together with QSAR studies of their correlation with lipophilicity are presented. Of particular interest is the selectivity of the mercaptoacetamides for HDAC6. Isoform selectivity: structurally unique HDAC inhibitors are equipped with an amino acid residue that serves as a potential isoform‐differentiating, surface‐recognition element. The surface‐recognition group is connected through the usual carbon linker to either a hydroxamate or a mercaptoacetamide group that chelates the catalytic site zinc ion.