Influence of hPin1 WW N‐terminal domain boundaries on function, protein stability, and folding

An N‐terminally truncated and cooperatively folded version (residues 6–39) of the human Pin1 WW domain (hPin1 WW hereafter) has served as an excellent model system for understanding triple‐stranded β‐sheet folding energetics. Here we report that the negatively charged N‐terminal sequence (Met1‐Ala‐Asp‐Glu‐Glu5) previously deleted, and which is not conserved in highly homologous WW domain family members from yeast or certain fungi, significantly increases the stability of hPin1 WW (≈4 kJ mol−1 at 65°C), in the context of the 1–39 sequence based on equilibrium measurements. N‐terminal truncations and mutations in conjunction with a double mutant cycle analysis and a recently published high‐resolution X‐ray structure of the hPin1 cis/trans‐isomerase suggest that the increase in stability is due to an energetically favorable ionic interaction between the negatively charged side chains in the N terminus of full‐length hPin1 WW and the positively charged ε‐ammonium group of residue Lys13 in β‐strand 1. Our data therefore suggest that the ionic interaction between Lys13 and the charged N terminus is the optimal solution for enhanced stability without compromising function, as ascertained by ligand binding studies. Kinetic laser temperature‐jump relaxation studies reveal that this stabilizing interaction has not formed to a significant extent in the folding transition state at near physiological temperature, suggesting a differential contribution of the negatively charged N‐terminal sequence to protein stability and folding rate. As neither the N‐terminal sequence nor Lys13 are highly conserved among WW domains, our data further suggest that caution must be exercised when selecting domain boundaries for WW domains for structural, functional, or thermodynamic studies.