Inhibition of LPS‐induced chemokine production in human lung endothelial cells by lipid conjugates anchored to the membrane

In acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) induced by endotoxins, a high production of inflammatory mediators by microvascular lung endothelial cells (LMVEC) can be observed. Activation of cells by endotoxins may result in elevated secretion of phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) which is thought to contribute to tissue damage. The present study was undertaken to investigate the role of sPLA2 in chemokine production in human lung microvascular endothelial cells (LMVEC) stimulated with the endotoxins lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA). In particular, we investigated the effects of sPLA2 inhibitors, specifically, the extracellular PLA2 inhibitors (ExPLIs), composed of N‐derivatized phosphatidyl‐ethanolamine linked to polymeric carriers, and LY311727, a specific inhibitor of non‐pancreatic sPLA2. ExPLIs markedly inhibited LPS and LTA induced production and mRNA expression of the neutrophile attracting chemokines IL‐8, Gro‐α and ENA‐78, as well as of the adhesion molecules ICAM‐1 and E‐selectin. Concomitantly, ExPLIs inhibited the LPS‐induced activation of NF‐κB by LPS but not its activation by TNF‐α or IL‐1. Endotoxin mediated chemokine production in LMVEC seems not to involve PLA2 activity, since LPS stimulation was not associated with activation of intracellular or secreted PLA2. It therefore seems that the inhibitory effect of the ExPLIs was not due to their PLA2 inhibiting capacity. This was supported by the finding that the LPS‐induced chemokine production was not affected by the selective sPLA2 inhibitor LY311727. It is proposed that the ExPLIs may be considered a prototype of potent suppressors of specific endotoxin‐induced inflammatory responses, with potential implications for the therapy of subsequent severe inflammation. British Journal of Pharmacology (2002) 135, 1665–1674; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0704618