Toxicity Tests in Animals: Extrapolating to Human Risks

The use of animal models in toxicity testing is debated. While alternatives are being developed, whole animal models remain the most widely used method for assessing toxicity risks to humans. Some difficulties with animal-to-human extrapolations are noted, particularly use of the Maximum Tolerated Dose and methods used to estimate dose-response relationships. The potential of molecular toxicology for risk assessment is becoming more widely recognized. The risks of abandoning the animal model are discussed. The need to approach toxicity testing in an interdisciplinary fashion is stressed.