Extension of the range of DNA sequences available for triple helix formation: Stabilization of mismatched triplexes by acridine-containing oligonucleotides

Triple helix formation usually requires an oligopyrimidine•oligopurine sequence in the target DNA. A triple helix is destabilized when the oligopyrimidine•oligopurine target contains one (or two) purine•pyrimidine base pair inversion(s). Such an imperfect target sequence can be recognized by a third strand oligonucleotide containing an internally incorporated acridine intercalator facing the inverted purine•pyrimidine base pair(s). The loss of triplex stability due to the mismatch is partially overcome. The stability of triplexes formed at perfect and imperfect target sequences was investigated by UV thermal denaturation experiments. The stabilization provided by an internally incorporated acridine third strand oligonucleotide depends on the sequences flanking the inverted base pair. For triplexes containing a single mismatch the highest stabilization is observed for an acridine or a propanediol tethered to an acridine on its 3′-side facing an inverted A•T base pair and for a cytosine with an acridine incorporated to its 3′-side or a guanine with an acridine at its 5′-side facing an inverted G•C base pair. Fluorescence studies provided evidence that the acridine was intercalated into the triplex. The target sequences containing a double base pair inversion which form very unstable triplexes can still be recognized by oligonucleotides provided they contain an appropriately incorporated acridine facing the double mismatch sites. Selectivity for an A•T base pair inversion was observed with an oligonucleotide containing an acridine incorporated at the mismatched site when this site is flanked by two T•A*T base triplets. These results show that the range of DNA base sequences available for triplex formation can be extended by using oligonucleotide intercalator conjugates.