Bridging the Gap: The Importance of Non-technical Skills in Cardiology for Enhanced Patient Care and Team Performance

Cardiology, a high-acuity medical specialty, has traditionally emphasised technical expertise, often overshadowing the critical role of non-technical skills (NTS). This imbalance stems from the historical focus on procedural competence and clinical knowledge in cardiology training and practice, leaving a significant gap in the development of crucial interpersonal and cognitive abilities. However, emerging evidence highlights the significant impact of NTS on patient outcomes, team dynamics, and overall healthcare efficiency. This review explores the importance of NTS in cardiology whilst drawing parallels with other high-stakes fields, such as aviation, surgery, and emergency medicine, which have successfully integrated NTS frameworks. These fields are particularly relevant due to their similar requirements for rapid decision-making under pressure, team-based approaches, and the potential for severe consequences in case of errors. Key NTS domains relevant to cardiology include leadership, such as in guiding cardiac teams effectively during procedures and emergencies; cooperation and resource management, such as focusing on optimising team performance and resource allocation in cardiac care units; communication and interaction, such as clear and concise information exchange during complex cardiac interventions; assessment and decision-making such as making critical choices in time-sensitive situations; situational awareness (SA) that maintains a comprehensive understanding of the patient's condition and surrounding environment; and coping with stress, which involves managing personal and team stress during and after high-pressure situations. The integration of NTS into cardiology practice is essential for improving patient care, reducing healthcare costs, and preventing clinician burnout. Despite the recognition of NTS' importance, there is a notable lack of structured training and validated assessment tools in cardiology. This absence poses a significant challenge to the implementation of NTS, as it hinders the systematic development and evaluation of these crucial skills amongst cardiologists. For instance, whilst technical skills in procedures like angiography are rigorously assessed, there is limited formal evaluation of NTS, for instance, a cardiologist's ability to lead a team effectively during a cardiac emergency. This review advocates for the development and implementation of NTS training and evaluation methods suitable for cardiology, emphasising t