A‐Band assembly in avian skeletal muscles observed with super‐resolution microscopy

Myofibrils in vertebrate skeletal muscle are organized in aligned arrays of filaments formed from multiple protein components. Despite considerable information describing individual proteins, how they assemble de novo into mature myofibrils is still a challenge. Studies in our lab of sarcomeric protein localization during myofibril assembly led us to propose a three‐step progression: premyofibrils to nascent myofibrils, culminating in mature myofibrils. Premyofibrils, forming at the spreading edges of muscle cells, are composed of minisarcomeres containing small bands of non‐muscle myosin II filaments alternating with muscle‐specific α‐actinin Z‐Bodies attached to barbed ends of actin filaments, establishing bipolar F‐actin arrangements in sarcomeres. Assembly of nascent myofibrils occurs with addition of muscle‐specific myosin II, F‐actin, titin, and the alignment of Z‐Bodies in adjacent fibrils to form beaded Z‐Bands. Muscle‐specific myosin II filaments in nascent myofibrils appear in an overlapping arrangement when viewed with wide‐field and confocal microscopes. In mature myofibrils, non‐muscle myosin II is absent, and M‐Band proteins localize to the muscle myosin II filaments, aiding their alignment by cross‐linking them into A‐Bands. Super‐resolution microscopy (SIM and STED) revealed muscle myosin II in mini‐A‐Bands in nascent myofibrils. In contrast to previous reports that vertebrate muscle myosin thick filaments form at their final 1.6 μm lengths, mini‐A‐Bands are first detected at a length of about 0.4 μm, and gradually increase four‐fold in length to 1.6 μm in mature myofibrils. These new discoveries in avian skeletal muscle cells share a common characteristic with invertebrate muscles where some A‐Bands can grow to lengths reaching 25 μm.