TCF1 dosage determines cell fate during T cell development

Loss-of-function studies have shown that transcription factor T cell factor-1 (TCF1), encoded by the gene, is essential for T cell development in the thymus. We discovered that the expression level is regulated by E box DNA binding proteins, independent of Notch, and regulates αβ and γδ T cell development. Systematic interrogation of the five E protein binding elements (EPE1-5) in the enhancer region showed lineage-specific utilization. Specifically, loss-of-function analysis revealed that only EPE3 plays a critical role in supporting αβ T cell development, while EPE1, 3, and 5 regulate the γδ T cell maturation and functional cell fate decision. The importance of EPE3 in supporting both lineages may stem from its unique capacity to interact with the transcriptional start site. Together, these studies demonstrate that the precise dosage of TCF1 expression mediated by distinct EPEs generates a balanced output of T cells from the thymus.