Sleep conditions and sleep hygiene behaviors in early pregnancy are associated with gestational diabetes mellitus: A propensity-score matched study

Purpose To explore the influence of sleep conditions and sleep hygiene behaviors in early pregnancy on gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) development. Methods This 1:1 propensity-score matched study included 1,216 pregnant women divided into GDM and control groups based on diagnosis via the oral glucose tolerance test at 24–28 gestational weeks. Sleep conditions and hygiene behaviors were evaluated using structural questionnaires, including the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, and Sleep Hygiene Practice Scale. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses and Spearman’s correlation were conducted to identify the associations. Results After adjusting for baseline clinical characteristics, women with GDM were more likely to have poor sleep quality (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.585, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.261–1.992) and higher scores for subjective sleep quality, latency, duration, efficiency, and sleep disturbances (all P