Ruta graveolens , but Not Rutin, Inhibits Survival, Migration, Invasion, and Vasculogenic Mimicry of Glioblastoma Cells

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive type of brain tumor, characterized by poor outcome and limited therapeutic options. During tumor progression, GBM may undergo the process of vasculogenic mimicry (VM), consisting of the formation of vascular-like structures which further promote tumor aggressiveness and malignancy. The resulting resistance to anti-angiogenetic therapies urges the identification of new compounds targeting VM. Extracts of natural plants may represent potential therapeutic tools. Among these, components of water extract (RGWE) display a wide range of biological activities. To test the effect of RGWE on human GBM and rat glioma cell line VM, tube formation on a gelled matrix was monitored. Quantitative assessment of VM formation shows the clear-cut inhibitory activity of RGWE. Unlike rutin, one of the most abundant extract components, the whole RGWE strongly reduced the migration and invasion of GBM tumor cells. Moreover, RGWE induced cell death of GBM patient-derived cancer stem cells and impaired VM at sub-lethal doses. Overall, our data reveal a marked RGWE-dependent inhibition of GBM cell survival, migration, invasion, and VM formation. Thus, the clear-cut ability of RGWE to counteract GBM malignancy deserves attention, holding the promise to bring natural products to clinical use, thus uncovering new therapeutic opportunities.