Alignment of a Trivalent Chromosome on the Metaphase Plate Is Associated with Differences in Microtubule Density at Each Kinetochore

Chromosome alignment on the metaphase plate is a conserved phenomenon and is an essential function for correct chromosome segregation for many organisms. Organisms with naturally-occurring trivalent chromosomes provide a useful system for understanding how chromosome alignment is evolutionarily regulated, as they align on the spindle with one kinetochore facing one pole and two facing the opposite pole. We studied chromosome alignment in a praying mantid that has not been previously studied chromosomally, the giant shield mantis . has a chromosome number of 2 = 27 in males. Males have X , X , and Y chromosomes that combine to form a trivalent in meiosis I. Using live-cell imaging of spermatocytes in meiosis I, we document that sex trivalent Y chromosomes associate with one spindle pole and the two X chromosomes associate with the opposing spindle pole. Sex trivalents congress alongside autosomes, align with them on the metaphase I plate, and then the component chromosomes segregate alongside autosomes in anaphase I. Immunofluorescence imaging and quantification of brightness of kinetochore-microtubule bundles suggest that the X and X kinetochores are associated with fewer microtubules than the Y kinetochore, likely explaining the alignment of the sex trivalent at the spindle equator with autosomes. These observations in support the evolutionary significance of the metaphase alignment of chromosomes and provide part of the explanation for how this alignment is achieved.