Transcriptomic Analysis of Genes Associated with Stinger Development at Different Life Stages of Apis mellifera

Stingers, evolved from ovipositors, are an important defense organ for the , , and species. However, the molecular mechanism of stinger development remains unclear. Here, we show that the earliest time point for the appearance of stingers in is at the 1-day-old worker pupal stage based on morphological observations and anatomy from the pre-pupal to adult stages. To discover the genes related to stinger development, we first comprehensively compared the stinger transcriptome at different stages and screened 1282, 186, and 166 highly expressed genes in the stingers of 1- and 5-day-old worker pupae and newly emerged worker bees (NEBs), respectively, then identified 25 DEGs involved in the early stage of stinger development. We found that was a key candidate gene in the early development of stingers by combining analyses of the protein-protein interaction network and spatiotemporal expression patterns. An RNAi experiment showed that about 20% of individuals exhibited tip bending in the piercing parts of their stingers in the -dsRNA-treated group, with the morphology presenting as side-side or front-back tip bending. This indicates that plays a vital role in the early development of stingers. Together, our study provides insight into the molecular mechanism of Hymenoptera stinger development and an inspiration for the molecular breeding of gentle honeybee species with stinger abnormalities.