Discharging of Ramsdellite MnO2 Cathode in a Lithium-Ion Battery

We report an application of our unbiased Monte Carlo approach to investigate thermodynamic and electrochemical properties of lithiated manganese oxide in the ramsdellite phase (R-MnO2) to uncover the mechanism of lithium intercalation and understand charging/discharging of R-MnO2 as a cathode material in lithium-ion batteries. The lithium intercalation reaction was computationally explored by modeling thermodynamically significant distributions of lithium and reduced manganese in the R-MnO2 framework for a realistic range of lithium molar fractions 0 < x < 1 in Li x MnO2. We employed interatomic potentials and analyzed the thermodynamics of the resultant grand canonical ensemble. We found ordered or semiordered phases at x = 0.5 and 1.0 in Li x MnO2, verified by configurational entropy changes and simulated X-ray diffraction patterns of partially lithiated R-MnO2. The radial distribution functions show the preference of lithium for homogeneous distributions across the one-dimensional 2 × 1 ramsdellite channels accompanied by alternating reduced/oxidized manganese ions. The occupation of the interstitial sites in the channels is correlated with the calculated voltage profile, showing a sharp voltage drop at x = 0.5, which is explained by the energy penalty of shifting lithium ions from stable tetrahedral to unstable octahedral sites. To facilitate this work, our in-house software, Knowledge Led Master Code (KLMC) was extended to support massive parallelism on high-performance computers.