A novel method for tracking nitrogen kinetics in vivo under hyperbaric conditions using radioactive nitrogen-13 gas and positron emission tomography

Decompression sickness (DCS) is caused by gaseous nitrogen dissolved in tissues forming bubbles during decompression. To date, no method exists to identify nitrogen within tissues, but with advances in positron-emission tomography (PET) technology, it may be possible to track gaseous radionuclides into tissues. We aimed to develop a method to track nitrogen movement in vivo and under hyperbaric pressure that could then be used to further our understanding of DCS using nitrogen-13 ( N ). A single anesthetized female Sprague-Dawley rat was exposed to 625 kPa, composed of air, isoflurane, and N for 10 min. The PET scanner recorded N during the hyperbaric exposure with energy windows of 250-750 keV. The PET showed an increase in N concentration in the lung, heart, and abdominal regions, which all reached a plateau after ∼4 min. This showed that it is possible to gain noninvasive in vivo measurements of nitrogen kinetics through the body while at hyperbaric pressures. Tissue samples showed radioactivity above background levels in the blood, brain, liver, femur, and thigh muscle when assessed using a γ counter. The method can be used to evaluate an array of challenges to our understanding of decompression physiology by quantifying nitrogen load through γ counts of N , and signal intensity of the PET. Further development of the method will improve the specificity of the measured outcomes, and enable it to be used with larger mammals, including humans. This article describes a method for the in vivo quantification and tracking of nitrogen through the mammalian body whilst exposed to hyperbaric pressure. The method has the potential to further our understanding of decompression sickness, and quantitatively evaluate the effectiveness of both the treatment and prevention of decompression sickness.