Feedback and Financial Incentives for Reducing Cell Phone Use While Driving: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Handheld phone use while driving is a major factor in vehicle crashes. Scalable interventions are needed to encourage drivers not to use their phones. To test whether interventions involving social comparison feedback and/or financial incentives can reduce drivers' handheld phone use. In a rand...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | JAMA network open 2024-07, Vol.7 (7), p.e2420218 |
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| creator | Delgado, M Kit Ebert, Jeffrey P Xiong, Ruiying A Winston, Flaura K McDonald, Catherine C Rosin, Roy M Volpp, Kevin G Barnett, Ian J Small, Dylan S Wiebe, Douglas J Abdel-Rahman, Dina Hemmons, Jessica E Finegold, Rafi Kotrc, Benjamin Radford, Emma Fisher, William J Gaba, Kristen L Everett, William C Halpern, Scott D |
| description | Handheld phone use while driving is a major factor in vehicle crashes. Scalable interventions are needed to encourage drivers not to use their phones.
To test whether interventions involving social comparison feedback and/or financial incentives can reduce drivers' handheld phone use.
In a randomized clinical trial, interventions were administered nationwide in the US via a mobile application in the context of a usage-based insurance program (Snapshot Mobile application). Customers were eligible to be invited to participate in the study if enrolled in the usage-based insurance program for 30 to 70 days. The study was conducted from May 13 to June 30, 2019. Analysis was completed December 22, 2023.
Participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 6 trial arms for a 7-week intervention period: (1) control; (2) feedback, with weekly push notification about their handheld phone use compared with that of similar others; (3) standard incentive, with a maximum $50 award at the end of the intervention based on how their handheld phone use compared with similar others; (4) standard incentive plus feedback, combining interventions of arms 2 and 3; (5) reframed incentive plus feedback, with a maximum $7.15 award each week, framed as participant's to lose; and (6) doubled reframed incentive plus feedback, a maximum $14.29 weekly loss-framed award.
Proportion of drive time engaged in handheld phone use in seconds per hour (s/h) of driving. Analyses were conducted with the intention-to-treat approach.
Of 17 663 customers invited by email to participate, 2109 opted in and were randomized. A total of 2020 drivers finished the intervention period (68.0% female; median age, 30 [IQR, 25-39] years). Median baseline handheld phone use was 216 (IQR, 72-480) s/h. Relative to control, feedback and standard incentive participants did not reduce their handheld phone use. Standard incentive plus feedback participants reduced their use by -38 (95% CI, -69 to -8) s/h (P = .045); reframed incentive plus feedback participants reduced their use by -56 (95% CI, -87 to -26) s/h (P |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.20218 |
| format | Article |
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To test whether interventions involving social comparison feedback and/or financial incentives can reduce drivers' handheld phone use.
In a randomized clinical trial, interventions were administered nationwide in the US via a mobile application in the context of a usage-based insurance program (Snapshot Mobile application). Customers were eligible to be invited to participate in the study if enrolled in the usage-based insurance program for 30 to 70 days. The study was conducted from May 13 to June 30, 2019. Analysis was completed December 22, 2023.
Participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 6 trial arms for a 7-week intervention period: (1) control; (2) feedback, with weekly push notification about their handheld phone use compared with that of similar others; (3) standard incentive, with a maximum $50 award at the end of the intervention based on how their handheld phone use compared with similar others; (4) standard incentive plus feedback, combining interventions of arms 2 and 3; (5) reframed incentive plus feedback, with a maximum $7.15 award each week, framed as participant's to lose; and (6) doubled reframed incentive plus feedback, a maximum $14.29 weekly loss-framed award.
Proportion of drive time engaged in handheld phone use in seconds per hour (s/h) of driving. Analyses were conducted with the intention-to-treat approach.
Of 17 663 customers invited by email to participate, 2109 opted in and were randomized. A total of 2020 drivers finished the intervention period (68.0% female; median age, 30 [IQR, 25-39] years). Median baseline handheld phone use was 216 (IQR, 72-480) s/h. Relative to control, feedback and standard incentive participants did not reduce their handheld phone use. Standard incentive plus feedback participants reduced their use by -38 (95% CI, -69 to -8) s/h (P = .045); reframed incentive plus feedback participants reduced their use by -56 (95% CI, -87 to -26) s/h (P < .001); and doubled reframed incentive plus feedback participants reduced their use by -42 s/h (95% CI, -72 to -13 s/h; P = .007). The 5 active treatment arms did not differ significantly from each other.
In this randomized clinical trial, providing social comparison feedback plus incentives reduced handheld phone use while individuals were driving.
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03833219.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2574-3805</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2574-3805</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.20218</identifier><identifier>PMID: 38985474</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: American Medical Association</publisher><subject>Adult ; Automobile Driving - psychology ; Automobile Driving - statistics & numerical data ; Cell Phone Use - statistics & numerical data ; Clinical trials ; Feedback ; Female ; Humans ; Incentives ; Intervention ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Mobile Applications ; Monetary incentives ; Motivation ; Online Only ; Original Investigation ; Public Health ; Telematics ; United States</subject><ispartof>JAMA network open, 2024-07, Vol.7 (7), p.e2420218</ispartof><rights>2024. This work is published under https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>Copyright 2024 Delgado MK et al. .</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c276t-db6c197b98396604672d69056a47141a2b007878fc10df20618be358d527c5453</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>230,314,780,784,864,885,27924,27925</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38985474$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Delgado, M Kit</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ebert, Jeffrey P</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Xiong, Ruiying A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Winston, Flaura K</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>McDonald, Catherine C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rosin, Roy M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Volpp, Kevin G</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Barnett, Ian J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Small, Dylan S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wiebe, Douglas J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Abdel-Rahman, Dina</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hemmons, Jessica E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Finegold, Rafi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kotrc, Benjamin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Radford, Emma</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fisher, William J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gaba, Kristen L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Everett, William C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Halpern, Scott D</creatorcontrib><title>Feedback and Financial Incentives for Reducing Cell Phone Use While Driving: A Randomized Clinical Trial</title><title>JAMA network open</title><addtitle>JAMA Netw Open</addtitle><description>Handheld phone use while driving is a major factor in vehicle crashes. Scalable interventions are needed to encourage drivers not to use their phones.
To test whether interventions involving social comparison feedback and/or financial incentives can reduce drivers' handheld phone use.
In a randomized clinical trial, interventions were administered nationwide in the US via a mobile application in the context of a usage-based insurance program (Snapshot Mobile application). Customers were eligible to be invited to participate in the study if enrolled in the usage-based insurance program for 30 to 70 days. The study was conducted from May 13 to June 30, 2019. Analysis was completed December 22, 2023.
Participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 6 trial arms for a 7-week intervention period: (1) control; (2) feedback, with weekly push notification about their handheld phone use compared with that of similar others; (3) standard incentive, with a maximum $50 award at the end of the intervention based on how their handheld phone use compared with similar others; (4) standard incentive plus feedback, combining interventions of arms 2 and 3; (5) reframed incentive plus feedback, with a maximum $7.15 award each week, framed as participant's to lose; and (6) doubled reframed incentive plus feedback, a maximum $14.29 weekly loss-framed award.
Proportion of drive time engaged in handheld phone use in seconds per hour (s/h) of driving. Analyses were conducted with the intention-to-treat approach.
Of 17 663 customers invited by email to participate, 2109 opted in and were randomized. A total of 2020 drivers finished the intervention period (68.0% female; median age, 30 [IQR, 25-39] years). Median baseline handheld phone use was 216 (IQR, 72-480) s/h. Relative to control, feedback and standard incentive participants did not reduce their handheld phone use. Standard incentive plus feedback participants reduced their use by -38 (95% CI, -69 to -8) s/h (P = .045); reframed incentive plus feedback participants reduced their use by -56 (95% CI, -87 to -26) s/h (P < .001); and doubled reframed incentive plus feedback participants reduced their use by -42 s/h (95% CI, -72 to -13 s/h; P = .007). The 5 active treatment arms did not differ significantly from each other.
In this randomized clinical trial, providing social comparison feedback plus incentives reduced handheld phone use while individuals were driving.
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03833219.</description><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Automobile Driving - psychology</subject><subject>Automobile Driving - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Cell Phone Use - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Clinical trials</subject><subject>Feedback</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Incentives</subject><subject>Intervention</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Mobile Applications</subject><subject>Monetary incentives</subject><subject>Motivation</subject><subject>Online Only</subject><subject>Original Investigation</subject><subject>Public Health</subject><subject>Telematics</subject><subject>United States</subject><issn>2574-3805</issn><issn>2574-3805</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2024</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNpdkV9PFDEUxRujEYJ8BdPoiy8L_Tvt8GLI6goJCYRAfGw67R22y0y7tjtr9NPbFSTIS2-Te-4v99yD0AdKjigh9HhlRxth8zPl-7SGeMQIE7uH6ldon0klZlwT-frZfw8dlrIihDBCedvIt2iP61ZLocQ-Wi4AfGfdPbbR40WINrpgB3weHcRN2ELBfcr4GvzkQrzDcxgGfLVMEfBtAfx9GQbAX3LY1uYJPsXXFZPG8Bs8ng8hBldZN7kS36E3vR0KHD7WA3S7-HozP5tdXH47n59ezBxTzWbmu8bRVnWtrqs2RDSK-aYlsrFCUUEt6whRWuneUeJ7RhqqO-BSe8mUk0LyA_T5gbueuhH8zkW2g1nnMNr8yyQbzP-dGJbmLm0Npaxei6lK-PRIyOnHBGVjxlBc9V3vnqZiOFGqbYVmtEo_vpCu0pRj9Wc4FYwLXs9cVScPKpdTKRn6p20oMbtQzYtQzS5U8zfUOvz-uZ-n0X8R8j_QpqF8</recordid><startdate>20240701</startdate><enddate>20240701</enddate><creator>Delgado, M Kit</creator><creator>Ebert, Jeffrey P</creator><creator>Xiong, Ruiying A</creator><creator>Winston, Flaura K</creator><creator>McDonald, Catherine C</creator><creator>Rosin, Roy M</creator><creator>Volpp, Kevin G</creator><creator>Barnett, Ian J</creator><creator>Small, Dylan S</creator><creator>Wiebe, Douglas J</creator><creator>Abdel-Rahman, Dina</creator><creator>Hemmons, Jessica E</creator><creator>Finegold, Rafi</creator><creator>Kotrc, Benjamin</creator><creator>Radford, Emma</creator><creator>Fisher, William J</creator><creator>Gaba, Kristen L</creator><creator>Everett, William C</creator><creator>Halpern, Scott D</creator><general>American Medical Association</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20240701</creationdate><title>Feedback and Financial Incentives for Reducing Cell Phone Use While Driving: A Randomized Clinical Trial</title><author>Delgado, M Kit ; Ebert, Jeffrey P ; Xiong, Ruiying A ; Winston, Flaura K ; McDonald, Catherine C ; Rosin, Roy M ; Volpp, Kevin G ; Barnett, Ian J ; Small, Dylan S ; Wiebe, Douglas J ; Abdel-Rahman, Dina ; Hemmons, Jessica E ; Finegold, Rafi ; Kotrc, Benjamin ; Radford, Emma ; Fisher, William J ; Gaba, Kristen L ; Everett, William C ; Halpern, Scott D</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c276t-db6c197b98396604672d69056a47141a2b007878fc10df20618be358d527c5453</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2024</creationdate><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Automobile Driving - psychology</topic><topic>Automobile Driving - statistics & numerical data</topic><topic>Cell Phone Use - statistics & numerical data</topic><topic>Clinical trials</topic><topic>Feedback</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Incentives</topic><topic>Intervention</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Middle Aged</topic><topic>Mobile Applications</topic><topic>Monetary incentives</topic><topic>Motivation</topic><topic>Online Only</topic><topic>Original Investigation</topic><topic>Public Health</topic><topic>Telematics</topic><topic>United States</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Delgado, M Kit</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ebert, Jeffrey P</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Xiong, Ruiying A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Winston, Flaura K</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>McDonald, Catherine C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rosin, Roy M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Volpp, Kevin G</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Barnett, Ian J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Small, Dylan S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wiebe, Douglas J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Abdel-Rahman, Dina</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hemmons, Jessica E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Finegold, Rafi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kotrc, Benjamin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Radford, Emma</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fisher, William J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gaba, Kristen L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Everett, William C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Halpern, Scott D</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>JAMA network open</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Delgado, M Kit</au><au>Ebert, Jeffrey P</au><au>Xiong, Ruiying A</au><au>Winston, Flaura K</au><au>McDonald, Catherine C</au><au>Rosin, Roy M</au><au>Volpp, Kevin G</au><au>Barnett, Ian J</au><au>Small, Dylan S</au><au>Wiebe, Douglas J</au><au>Abdel-Rahman, Dina</au><au>Hemmons, Jessica E</au><au>Finegold, Rafi</au><au>Kotrc, Benjamin</au><au>Radford, Emma</au><au>Fisher, William J</au><au>Gaba, Kristen L</au><au>Everett, William C</au><au>Halpern, Scott D</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Feedback and Financial Incentives for Reducing Cell Phone Use While Driving: A Randomized Clinical Trial</atitle><jtitle>JAMA network open</jtitle><addtitle>JAMA Netw Open</addtitle><date>2024-07-01</date><risdate>2024</risdate><volume>7</volume><issue>7</issue><spage>e2420218</spage><pages>e2420218-</pages><issn>2574-3805</issn><eissn>2574-3805</eissn><abstract>Handheld phone use while driving is a major factor in vehicle crashes. Scalable interventions are needed to encourage drivers not to use their phones.
To test whether interventions involving social comparison feedback and/or financial incentives can reduce drivers' handheld phone use.
In a randomized clinical trial, interventions were administered nationwide in the US via a mobile application in the context of a usage-based insurance program (Snapshot Mobile application). Customers were eligible to be invited to participate in the study if enrolled in the usage-based insurance program for 30 to 70 days. The study was conducted from May 13 to June 30, 2019. Analysis was completed December 22, 2023.
Participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 6 trial arms for a 7-week intervention period: (1) control; (2) feedback, with weekly push notification about their handheld phone use compared with that of similar others; (3) standard incentive, with a maximum $50 award at the end of the intervention based on how their handheld phone use compared with similar others; (4) standard incentive plus feedback, combining interventions of arms 2 and 3; (5) reframed incentive plus feedback, with a maximum $7.15 award each week, framed as participant's to lose; and (6) doubled reframed incentive plus feedback, a maximum $14.29 weekly loss-framed award.
Proportion of drive time engaged in handheld phone use in seconds per hour (s/h) of driving. Analyses were conducted with the intention-to-treat approach.
Of 17 663 customers invited by email to participate, 2109 opted in and were randomized. A total of 2020 drivers finished the intervention period (68.0% female; median age, 30 [IQR, 25-39] years). Median baseline handheld phone use was 216 (IQR, 72-480) s/h. Relative to control, feedback and standard incentive participants did not reduce their handheld phone use. Standard incentive plus feedback participants reduced their use by -38 (95% CI, -69 to -8) s/h (P = .045); reframed incentive plus feedback participants reduced their use by -56 (95% CI, -87 to -26) s/h (P < .001); and doubled reframed incentive plus feedback participants reduced their use by -42 s/h (95% CI, -72 to -13 s/h; P = .007). The 5 active treatment arms did not differ significantly from each other.
In this randomized clinical trial, providing social comparison feedback plus incentives reduced handheld phone use while individuals were driving.
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03833219.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>American Medical Association</pub><pmid>38985474</pmid><doi>10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.20218</doi><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| source | MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals; Alma/SFX Local Collection |
| subjects | Adult Automobile Driving - psychology Automobile Driving - statistics & numerical data Cell Phone Use - statistics & numerical data Clinical trials Feedback Female Humans Incentives Intervention Male Middle Aged Mobile Applications Monetary incentives Motivation Online Only Original Investigation Public Health Telematics United States |
| title | Feedback and Financial Incentives for Reducing Cell Phone Use While Driving: A Randomized Clinical Trial |
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