In Silico Study of the Potential of Brazilein Sappan Wood as a Beta-Lactamase Inhibitor against Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Encoding Genes

Infectious illnesses are a serious health concern in Indonesia. Widespread use of self-medication by the community increases the risk of developing multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria. This study assessed the potential of sappan wood as an inhibitor of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) encoded by blaSHV, blaTEM and blaCTX-M genes. In silico testing was conducted to develop an effective and economical starting strategy. Thereby, this study significantly advances the development of novel treatments to combat antibiotic resistance. Using clavulanic acid as the benchmark medicine, the potency of the beta-lactamase inhibitor brazilein was predicted. Using the Molegro Virtual Docker computer tool, docking was performed to estimate the chemical and physical properties of the compounds, as well as the biological activity of brazilein toward the required receptor. The receptors used were SHV-1 beta-lactamase, PDB code: 2H0T; TEM-1 beta-lactamase, PDB code: 4OQG and CTX-M-14 beta-lactamase, PDB code: 6VHS. Data analysis was performed by comparing the binding energies of the docking results between the ligands and the target receptor. The more stable the bond that formed between the ligand and the target receptor, the lower the bond energy. The in silico test results on the blaSHV gene were as follows: binding energy of ligand MA4_400[A] = -100.699, brazilein = -82.206, clavulanic acid = -79.3704; in the blaTEM gene: ligand bond energy 2UL_301[B] = -107.681, brazilein = -82.0296, clavulanic acid = -103.3; in the blaCTX-M gene: X57_301[A] ligand bond energy = -86.6197, and brazilein = -88.1586, clavulanic acid = -101.933. The findings of this study demonstrate the significant potential of brazilein sappan wood to block the beta-lactamase activity of blaCTX-M.