Eco-friendly optical sensor for precise detection of gold ions in diverse matrices through the integration of β-2-hydroxybenzyl-3-methoxy-2-hydroxyazastyrene in a PVC membrane

An environmentally conscious methodology is investigated for the precise and discerning identification of trace concentrations of gold ions in diverse matrices. A novel optical sensor membrane is proposed for the determination of Au 3+ ions, utilizing the immobilization of β-2-hydroxybenzyl-3-methoxy-2-hydroxyazastyrene (HMHS) entrapped in polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The sensor incorporates sodium tetraphenylborate (Na-TPB) as the ionic additive and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) as a plasticizer. Under optimal conditions, the suggested sensor exhibits a linear calibration response to Au 3+ ions within a concentration range of 5.0 to 165 ng mL −1 . Detection and quantification limits are specified as 1.5 and 4.8 ng mL −1 , respectively, with a rapid response time of 5.0 min. Upon presentation, this optical sensor not only affirms high reproducibility, stability, and an extended operational lifespan but also showcases exceptional selectivity for Au 3+ ions. Notably, no discernible interference is observed when assessing the potential influence of other cations and anions on Au 3+ ion detection. The adaptability of this optical sensor is validated through its successful application in determining Au 3+ ion concentrations across various sample types, including water, environmental, cosmetics, and soil matrices. Graphical Abstract