"The Problem's Bigger than We Are": Understanding How Local Factors Influence Child Welfare Responses to Substance Use in Pregnancy, A Qualitative Study

State eligibility for certain federal child welfare funding requires a gubernatorial assurance that infants affected by substances receive plans of safe care (POSC). We conducted 18 interviews with state and county child welfare staff to understand how POSC has been implemented and found variability in practice driven by vague policy, challenges of cross-system collaboration, and a lack of knowledge about substance use disorder. Policy improvements should align requirements with POSC practice and create shared accountability with key partners.