Evolving approaches in paediatric thyroid cytopathology: A review

The guidelines for the workup of thyroid nodules have been established in adult populations and secondarily applied to paediatric populations. In particular, The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (TBSRTC) is commonly applied to both adult and paediatric thyroid nodules. However, as paediatric nodules have distinct molecular drivers and behavioural trajectories, there is renewed interest in diagnostic and management strategies that are paediatric specific. Here, we review key differences between paediatric and adult thyroid cancer and recent literature evaluating the use of TBSRTC in paediatric populations. Loberg, et al. review key differences in paediatric and adult thyroid cancer biology, recent literature evaluating the use of The Bethesda System for classifying paediatric thyroid cytopathology, and approaches for stratifying the risk of cytologically indeterminate paediatric thyroid nodules.