Review of efficacy and safety of same-day discharge after percutaneous nephrolithotomy

Prior literature reviews have assessed the efficacy and safety of outpatient percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) with "outpatient" defined as discharge within twenty-four hours of surgery. To our knowledge, this is the first literature review analyzing ambulatory PCNLs (aPCNL) defined as hospital discharge on the same day as surgery. This review aims to assess the efficacy and safety of same-day discharge after PCNL. We conducted a search in the PubMed database for key search terms including "ambulatory PCNL", "ambulatory percutaneous nephrolithotomy", "outpatient PCNL", "outpatient percutaneous nephrolithotomy", and "day surgery percutaneous nephrolithotomy". We reviewed articles defining "ambulatory" as discharge the same day the PCNL was performed. 13 papers were identified in our search. Overall, we found no difference in complication rates, emergency department visits, and postoperative admissions when comparing outpatient PCNL to inpatient PCNL, and to previously published statistics for inpatient PCNL. Some studies even showed lower rates of adverse outcomes in ambulatory cohorts when compared to inpatient cohorts. Additionally, ambulatory PCNL conferred significant healthcare savings over inpatient PCNL. This literature review suggests that ambulatory PCNL can be safely performed in both optimal and suboptimal surgical candidates with no significant increase in complications. Additional high-quality studies are warranted to further the evidence surrounding outpatient PCNL and its outcomes.