Quantitative determination and antibacterial properties of TiO2 nanoparticle-doped glass ionomer cement: an in vitro study

The aim of the present study is to determine the amount of titanium ions released into the artificial salivary medium by modified glass ionomer cement (GIC) doped with 3% and 5% (w/w) titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs), and to evaluate their antibacterial properties. 120 cylindrical discs with a diameter of 4 mm and a height of 6 mm were made with 3% and 5% w/w modified GIC containing TiO2 NPs, divided into two groups of 60, and immersed in a chemically synthesized salivary medium. The samples were quantified over four-time periods: 24 hours, two months, four months, and six months, using inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS), antibacterial properties were evaluated by means of colony forming count (CFU) method. The amount of titanium ions released from the discs that received 3%(w/w) TiO2 was highest in the first two months, with no significant release at successive intervals. Also, the second group, which included 5% (w/w) TiO2, saw a considerable ion release at every interval, with the second month seeing the maximum release. The levels in the 5% (w/w) group were consistently higher when the two concentrations were compared at each of the four time points, indicating a considerable increase in titanium release and antibacterial property with a concentration increase from 3% to 5%. 3% and 5% (w/w) concentrations may be considered safe and exhibit significant antimicrobial effect, titanium ions were discharged at higher rates in 5% (w/w) modified GIC containing TiO2-NPs than in 3% (w/w) modified GIC containing TiO2-NPs.