Public health risks of raw milk consumption: Lessons from a case of paediatric hemolytic uremic syndrome

Pasteurization of raw milk is mandatory before sale in Canada and has been demonstrated to reduce the risk of food-borne illness associated with milk consumption. Consumption of raw milk sparks urgent concern from a public health perspective since it has been linked to numerous outbreaks by enteric organisms, particularly related illnesses and complications in pediatric populations. The sale and distribution of raw milk is illegal in Canada, based on these significant health risks, but growing popular interest and trends in consuming raw dairy products reflect changes in consumer preferences. Although the consumption of raw milk has been an ongoing issue, this new trend is alarming and action is needed to prevent serious consequences as seen in children and other populations with reduced immunity such as the elderly and pregnant people. This commentary explores key issues identified by a local public health unit during the investigation of a recent paediatric case of hemolytic uremic syndrome related to an O157:H7 infection that occurred within the context of consumption of raw milk. The main objective of this article is to highlight that the health risks and sequelae associated with consumption of raw milk far outweigh any potential benefits, with severe consequences particularly among children. Data and health impacts, distribution, regulation, pasteurization and proposed practice recommendations are also identified and discussed.