Histopathological, Demographic, and Clinical Signatures of Medulla Oblongata Germ Cell Tumors: A Case Report With the Review of Literature

The medulla oblongata is one of the rarest sites of occurrence for germ cell tumors (GCTs) of the central nervous system. As there is scant data regarding epidemiology, clinical presentations, optimal intervention, and long-term prognosis, we aimed to delineate the features of this rare entity by presenting our representative case and performing a quantitative review of the literature. A 24-year-old woman presented to our department with vertigo and swallowing difficulties. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a homogenously enhanced exophytic lesion arising from the medulla oblongata and extending to the fourth ventricle. Surgical resection was performed and a histological diagnosis of pure germinoma was made. The patient underwent chemotherapy and whole-ventricular irradiation. No recurrence has been experienced for 4 months after the surgery. According to the literature, the prognosis of GCTs at the medulla oblongata seems no worse than those at typical sites. Striking features including occurrence at an older age, female preponderance, and a predominance of germinoma were noteworthy. The pattern of local recurrence suggests extensive radiation coverage is not a prerequisite. Special attention is needed for cardiac and respiratory functions as the main factors eliciting mortality.