Review of pediatric combined heart‐liver transplantation: A roadmap to success

Background Combined heart‐liver transplantation (CHLT) is a promising technique to address end stage organ failure in patients with concomitant heart failure and chronic liver disease. While most experience with CHLT has involved adult patients, the expanding population of children born with univentricular congenital heart disease who underwent the Fontan procedure and develop Fontan‐associated liver disease (FALD) has emerged as a growing indication for pediatric CHLT. Methods Currently, CHLT is performed at a select subset of experienced transplant centers, especially in the pediatric population. Results While technically demanding, CHLT may offer survival benefit when compared to heart transplant alone with decreased rejection of both synchronous allografts and equivalent outcomes with respect to waitlist time and post‐operative complications. Limitations in the technique can be attributed to need for an appropriate multidisciplinary care center, challenges with donor organ availability and allocation, and the complexity associated with patient selection and peri‐operative management. Conclusion In this review, we summarize the history of CHLT, discuss patient selection, and highlight key facets of peri‐operative care in the pediatric population.