Variations in elemental composition of rice (Oryza sativa L.) with different cultivation areas of Ethiopia

Variations in the elemental composition of rice ( Oryza sativa L.) grains, and the link with the growing soil, were investigated across the major production areas of Ethiopia (Fogera, Metema and Pawe). The elements (Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Ni, Cr, Cd and Pb) were determined by using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS), after digesting samples through an optimized procedure with respect to volumes of reagents (HNO 3 , HClO 4 and H 2 O 2 ), temperature and time. The accuracy of the FAAS method was in the range of 87‒113%. The most abundant element in rice was Mg (414‒561 mg kg -1 ) followed by Fe (49.4‒168 mg kg -1 ), while in soil was Fe (11674‒12917 mg kg -1 ) followed by Mg (619‒709 mg kg -1 ). Chromium, Cd and Pb were all below the limit of quantitation of the method. The concentrations of the elements, except Zn in rice and Fe in soil, varied significantly (p < 0.05) with the growing region. Notably, rice from Fogera contained more than double Fe, while from Pawe less than half Cu than from the other region. Soils from the rice fields of Pawe, generally, had lower levels of the elements than from the other regions. The order of the abundances of the elements in soil was reflected in the rice grains, except for the reversal between Fe and Mg. However, elemental concentrations were higher in soil than in rice, indicating the absence of bioaccumulation by the rice grains. Furthermore, only copper exhibited a strong positive correlation (r = 0.991) between the rice grain and soil.