Risk of Tuberculosis Disease in People With Chronic Kidney Disease Without Kidney Failure: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Abstract Background Kidney failure is an established risk factor for tuberculosis (TB), but little is known about TB risk in people with chronic kidney disease (CKD) who have not initiated kidney replacement therapy (CKD without kidney failure). Our primary objective was to estimate the pooled relative risk of TB disease in people with CKD stages 3–5 without kidney failure compared with people without CKD. Our secondary objectives were to estimate the pooled relative risk of TB disease for all stages of CKD without kidney failure (stages 1–5) and by each CKD stage. Methods This review was prospectively registered (PROSPERO CRD42022342499). We systematically searched MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane databases for studies published between 1970 and 2022. We included original observational research estimating TB risk among people with CKD without kidney failure. Random-effects meta-analysis was performed to obtain the pooled relative risk. Results Of the 6915 unique articles identified, data from 5 studies were included. The estimated pooled risk of TB was 57% higher in people with CKD stages 3–5 than in people without CKD (adjusted hazard ratio: 1.57; 95% CI: 1.22−2.03; I2 = 88%). When stratified by CKD stage, the pooled rate of TB was highest in stages 4–5 (incidence rate ratio: 3.63; 95% CI: 2.25–5.86; I2 = 89%). Conclusions People with CKD without kidney failure have an increased relative risk of TB. Further research and modeling are required to understand the risks, benefits, and CKD cutoffs for screening people for TB with CKD prior to kidney replacement therapy. This systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrates that people with chronic kidney disease without kidney failure have an elevated risk of tuberculosis versus people without kidney disease. Tuberculosis risk increases as kidney disease progressed and was highest in stages 4–5.