Inflammation in smokers and non-smokers during implant surgery among Indians

One of the main drawbacks faced by the dental implant surgeons is to assess the healing of the tissues and implant success for patients who are smokers. It is of interest to evaluate inflammatory biomarkers to understand the soft and hard tissue healing between smokers & non-smokers based on levels of IL-6 & STAT-3. This study included totally 20 patients (Group 1 : smokers (n=10) and Group 2: non-smokers (n=10)) undergoing stage-1 implant surgery and collected a tissue sample for the patients to assess the levels of IL-6 & STAT-3. The results indicated that there is a pronounced increase in the biomarkers in patients who are smokers in comparison to non-smokers.