Histomorphometric Analysis of 38 Giant Cell Tumors of Bone after Recurrence as Compared to Changes Following Denosumab Treatment

Giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB) is an osteolytic tumor driven by an H3F3A-mutated mononuclear cell with the accumulation of osteoclastic giant cells. We analyzed tissue from 13 patients with recurrence and 25 patients with denosumab therapy, including two cases of malignant transformation. We found a decrease in the total number of cells (p = 0.03), but not in the individual cell populations when comparing primary and recurrence. The patients treated with denosumab showed induction of osteoid formation increasing during therapy. The total number of cells was reduced (p < 0.0001) and the number of H3F3A-mutated tumor cells decreased (p = 0.0001), while the H3F3A wild-type population remained stable. The KI-67 proliferation rate dropped from 10% to 1% and Runx2- and SATB2-positive cells were reduced. The two cases of malignant transformation revealed a loss of the H3F3A-mutated cells, while the KI-67 rate increased. Changes in RUNX2 and SATB2 expression were higher in one sarcoma, while in the other RUNX2 was decreased and SATB2-positive cells were completely lost. We conclude that denosumab has a strong impact on the morphology of GCTB. KI-67, RUNX2 and SATB2 expression differed depending on the benign or malignant course of the tumor under denosumab therapy.