Intratumor Fusobacterium nucleatum promotes the progression of pancreatic cancer via the CXCL1‐CXCR2 axis

Intratumor bacteria modify the tumor immune microenvironment and influence outcomes of various tumors. Periodontal pathogen Fusobacterium nucleatum has been detected in pancreatic cancer tissues and is associated with poor prognosis. However, it remains unclear how F. nucleatum affects pancreatic cancer. Here, we compared clinical features with F. nucleatum colonization in pancreatic cancer tissues. F. nucleatum was detected in 15.5% (13/84) of pancreatic cancer patients. The tumor size was significantly larger in the F. nucleatum‐positive group than in the negative group. To clarify the biological effect of intratumor F. nucleatum on pancreatic cancer progression, we performed migration/invasion assays and cytokine array analysis of cancer cells cocultured with F. nucleatum. F. nucleatum promoted CXCL1 secretion from pancreatic cancer cells, leading to cancer progression through autocrine signaling. Intratumor F. nucleatum suppressed tumor‐infiltrating CD8+ T cells by recruiting myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) to the tumor in an F. nucleatum‐injected subcutaneous pancreatic cancer mouse model, resulting in tumor progression. Furthermore, tumor growth accelerated by F. nucleatum was suppressed by MDSC depletion or cytokine inhibitors. Intratumor F. nucleatum promoted pancreatic cancer progression through autocrine and paracrine mechanisms of the CXCL1‐CXCR2 axis. Blockade of the CXCL1‐CXCR2 axis may be a novel therapeutic approach for patients with intratumor F. nucleatum‐positive pancreatic cancer. Fusobacterium nucleatum, a periodontal pathogen, stimulated pancreatic cancer cells to secrete CXCL1, leading to cancer progression. In an autocrine manner, F. nucleatum promoted the migration of pancreatic cancer cells. In a paracrine manner, F. nucleatum suppressed CD8+ T cells by recruiting myeloid‐derived suppressor cells to the tumor.