Various arrangements of mobile genetic elements among CC147 subpopulations of Klebsiella pneumoniae harboring blaNDM-1: a comparative genomic analysis of carbapenem resistant strains

Background Certain clonal complexes (CCs) of Klebsiella pneumoniae such as CC147 (ST147 and ST392) are major drivers of bla.sub.NDM dissemination across the world. ST147 has repeatedly reported from our geographical region, but its population dynamics and evolutionary trajectories need to be further studied. Methods Comparative genomic analysis of 51 carbapenem-nonsusceptible strains as well as three hypervirulent K. pneumoniae (hvKp) recovered during 16-months of surveillance was performed using various bioinformatics tools. We investigated the genetic proximity of our ST147 strains with publicly available corresponding genomes deposited globally and from neighbor countries in our geographic region. Results While IncL/M plasmid harboring bla.sub.OXA-48 was distributed among divergent clones, bla.sub.NDM-1 was circulated by twenty of the 25 CC147 dominant clone and were mostly recovered from the ICU. The NDM-1 core structure was bracketed by a single isoform of mobile genetic elements (MGEs) [[DELA]ISKpn26-NDM-TnAs3-[DELA]IS3000-Tn5403] and was located on Col440I plasmid in 68.7% of ST392. However, various arrangements of MGEs including MITESen1/MITESen1 composite transposon or combination of MITESen1/ISSen4/IS903B/IS5/ISEhe3 on IncFIb (pB171) were identified in ST147. It seems that ST392 circulated bla.sub.NDM-1 in 2018 before being gradually replaced by ST147 from the middle to the end of sample collection in 2019. ST147 strains possessed the highest number of resistance markers and showed high genetic similarity with four public genomes that harbored bla.sub.NDM-1 on the same replicon type. Mainly, there was a convergence between clusters and isolated neighboring countries in the minimum-spanning tree. A conserved arrangement of resistance markers/MGEs was linked to methyltransferase armA which was embedded in class 1 integron in 8 isolates of ST147/ST48 high-risk clones. Conclusion Our findings highlight the dynamic nature of bla.sub.NDM-1 transmission among K. pneumoniae in Iran that occurs both clonally and horizontally via various combinations of MGEs. This is the first analysis of Iranian ST147/NDM + clone in the global context. Keywords: Klebsiella pneumoniae, Iran, MGEs, OXA-48, High-risk clones, ST147, armA, Whole genome sequencing, Phylogeny