Whole Exome Sequencing Reveals Novel Variants in Unexplained Erythrocytosis

Erythrocytosis is characterized by an increase in red cells in peripheral blood. Polycythemia vera, the commonest primary erythrocytosis, results from pathogenic variants in in ∼98% of cases. Although some variants have been reported in -negative polycythemia, the causal genetic variants remain unidentified in ∼80% of cases. To discover genetic variants in unexplained erythrocytosis, we performed whole exome sequencing in 27 patients with -negative polycythemia after excluding the presence of any mutations in genes previously associated with erythrocytosis ( , , , , , and ). We found that the majority of patients (25/27) had variants in genes involved in epigenetic processes, including and or in genes related to hematopoietic signaling such as and . Based on computational analysis, we believe that variants identified in 11 patients in this study could be pathogenic although functional studies will be required for confirmation. To our knowledge, this is the largest study reporting novel variants in individuals with unexplained erythrocytosis. Our results suggest that genes involved in epigenetic processes and hematopoietic signaling pathways are likely associated with unexplained erythrocytosis in individuals lacking mutations. With very few previous studies targeting -negative polycythemia patients to identify underlying variants, this study opens a new avenue in evaluating and managing -negative polycythemia.