Automated tracking of morphologic changes in weekly magnetic resonance imaging during head and neck radiotherapy

Background and Purpose Anatomic changes during head and neck radiotherapy can impact dose delivery, necessitate adaptive replanning, and indicate patient‐specific response to treatment. We have developed an automated system to track these changes through longitudinal MRI scans to aid identification and clinical intervention. The purpose of this article is to describe this tracking system and present results from an initial cohort of patients. Materials and Methods The Automated Watchdog in Adaptive Radiotherapy Environment (AWARE) was developed to process longitudinal MRI data for radiotherapy patients. AWARE automatically identifies and collects weekly scans, propagates radiotherapy planning structures, computes structure changes over time, and reports important trends to the clinical team. AWARE also incorporates manual structure review and revision from clinical experts and dynamically updates tracking statistics when necessary. AWARE was applied to patients receiving weekly T2‐weighted MRI scans during head and neck radiotherapy. Changes in nodal gross tumor volume (GTV) and parotid gland delineations were tracked over time to assess changes during treatment and identify early indicators of treatment response. Results N = 91 patients were tracked and analyzed in this study. Nodal GTVs and parotids both shrunk considerably throughout treatment (−9.7 ± 7.7% and −3.7 ± 3.3% per week, respectively). Ipsilateral parotids shrunk significantly faster than contralateral (−4.3 ± 3.1% vs. −2.9 ± 3.3% per week, p = 0.005) and increased in distance from GTVs over time (+2.7 ± 7.2% per week, p