10 kHz Shifted-Excitation Raman Difference Spectroscopy with Charge-Shifting Charge-Coupled Device Read-Out for Effective Mitigation of Dynamic Interfering Backgrounds

In this work we demonstrate an advanced concept of a charge-shifting charge-coupled device (CCD) read-out combined with shifted excitation Raman difference spectroscopy (SERDS) capable of operating at up to 10 kHz acquisition rates for the effective mitigation of fast-evolving interfering backgrounds in Raman spectroscopy. This rate is 10-fold faster than that achievable with an instrument we described previously and is overall 1000-fold faster than possible with conventional spectroscopic CCDs capable of operating at up to ∼10 Hz rates. The speed enhancement was realized by incorporating a periodic mask at the internal slit of an imaging spectrometer permitting a smaller shift of the charge on the CCD (8 pixels) to be required during the cyclic shifting process compared with the earlier design which employed an 80-pixel shift. The higher acquisition speed enables the more accurate sampling of the two SERDS spectral channels, enabling it to effectively tackle highly challenging situations with rapidly evolving interfering fluorescence backgrounds. The performance of the instrument is evaluated for heterogeneous fluorescent samples which are moved rapidly in front of the detection system aiming at the differentiation of chemical species and their quantification. The performance of the system is compared with that of the earlier 1 kHz design and a conventional CCD operated at its maximum rate of 5.4 Hz as previously. In all situations tested, the newly developed 10 kHz system outperformed the earlier variants. The 10 kHz instrument can benefit a number of prospective applications including: disease diagnosis where high sensitivity mapping of complex biological matrices in the presence of natural fluorescence bleaching restricts achievable limits of detection; accurate data acquisition from moving heterogeneous samples (or moving a handheld instrument in front of the sample during data acquisition) or data acquisition under varying ambient light conditions (e.g., due to casting shadows, sample or instrument movement). Other beneficial scenarios include monitoring rapidly evolving Raman signals in the presence of largely static background signals such as in situations where a heterogeneous sample is moving rapidly in front of a detection system (e.g., a conveyor belt) in the presence of static ambient light. Graphical Abstract This is a visual representation of the abstract.