Protective immunity of SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccines against medically attended symptomatic omicron BA.4, BA.5, and XBB reinfections in Singapore: a national cohort study

Despite a large proportion of the population having been vaccinated and infected, Singapore had SARS-CoV-2 waves driven by the BA.5 and XBB sublineages of the omicron (B.1.1.529) variant. Data on the protective immunity against medically attended, symptomatic reinfections with omicron BA.4, BA.5, and XBB conferred by previous SARS-CoV-2 infections and vaccinations are scarce. We therefore aimed to derive information from Singapore's experience as one of the first countries with an XBB-driven wave. For this retrospective national cohort study, we used information from official databases of the Ministry of Health of Singapore to assess hybrid immunity (obtained from previous infection and vaccination) against medically attended, symptomatic BA.4 and BA.5 reinfections from Oct 1, 2022, to Nov 1, 2022, and medically attended, symptomatic XBB reinfections from Oct 18, 2022, to Nov 1, 2022, among Singapore citizens and permanent residents aged at least 18 years. All individuals with acute respiratory symptoms who presented at any health-care facility in Singapore between the stated dates were tested for SARS-CoV-2. Individuals were grouped into SARS-CoV-2-naive, pre-omicron, omicron BA.1, and omicron BA.2 groups according to their previous infection status. Data were also stratified by time from first infection to analyse the waning of immunity. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) were measured by generalised linear Poisson regressions, with SARS-CoV-2-naive individuals as the reference group, and protective immunity was calculated as one minus the risk ratio multiplied by 100. 2 456 791 individuals were included in the study, contributing 53·1 million person-days of observation for the SARS-CoV-2-naive group, 3·4 million person-days for the pre-omicron group, 6·6 million person-days for the BA.1 group, and 13·7 million person-days for the BA.2 group between Oct 1, 2022, and Nov 1, 2022. Compared with SARS-CoV-2-naive individuals, first infections with pre-omicron variants did not confer protection against reinfection with BA.4 or BA.5 (IRR 0·87 [95% CI 0·73–1·05] for pre-omicron infection with booster vaccination) or XBB (IRR 1·29 [1·23–1·35] for pre-omicron infection with booster vaccination). Previous BA.2 infection with booster provided the greatest protection against reinfection, but this was lower against reinfection with XBB (protective immunity 51%; 95% CI 49–53) than against reinfection with BA.4 or BA.5 (78%; 74–82). Protection conferred by previous BA.2 infe