Alterations and Co-Occurrence of C-MYC, N-MYC, and L-MYC Expression are Related to Clinical Outcomes in Various Cancers

, also known as an oncogenic reprogramming factor, is a multifunctional transcription factor that maintains induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Although is frequently upregulated in various cancers and is correlated with a poor prognosis, is downregulated and correlated with a good prognosis in lung adenocarcinoma. and two other family genes, and , have similar structures and could contribute to tumorigenic conversion both and . We systematically investigated whether family genes act as prognostic factors in various human cancers. We first evaluated alterations in the expression of family genes in various cancers using the Oncomine and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and their mutation and copy number alterations using the TCGA database with cBioPortal. Then, we investigated the association between the expression of family genes and the prognosis of cancer patients using various prognosis databases. Multivariate analysis also confirmed that co-expression of / / was significantly associated with the prognosis of lung, gastric, liver, and breast cancers. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the family can function not only as an oncogene but also as a tumor suppressor gene in various cancers, which could be used to develop a novel approach to cancer treatment.