Evaluating and Validating Sunflower Reference Genes for Q-PCR Studies Under High Temperature Condition

Q-PCR is the method of choice for PCR- based transcriptomics and validating microarray-based and RNA-seq results. Proper application of this technology requires proper normalization to correct as much as possible errors propagating during RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis. The investigation was performed to find stable reference genes in sunflower under shifting in ambient temperature. Sequences of five well-known reference genes of Arabidopsis ( , , , , and ) and one well-known reference gene inhuman, , were subjected to BLASTX against sunflower databases and the relevant genes were subjected to primer designing for q-PCR. Two sunflower inbred lines were cultivated at two dates so that anthesis occurred at nearly 30 °C and 40 °C (heat stress). The experiment was repeated for two years. Q-PCR was run on samples taken for two planting date separately at the beginning of anthesis for each genotype from leaf, taproots, receptacle base, immature and mature disc flowers and on pooled samples comprising of the tissues for each genotype, planting dates and also all tissues for both genotypes and both planting dates. Basic statistical properties of each candidate gene across all the samples were calculated. Furthermore, gene expression stability analysis was done for six candidate reference genes on Cq mean of two years using three independent algorithms, geNorm, Bestkeeper, and Refinder. Designed primers for , , , , , and yielded a single peak in melting curve analysis indicating specificity of the PCR reaction. Basic statistical analysis showed that and had the highest and lowest expression levels across all the samples, respectively. appeared to be the most stable reference gene across all the samples based on the three used algorithms. Pairwise variation analysis revealed that for samples taken under ambient temperature of 30 °C, , , and for those taken under ambient temperature of 40 °C, , , and have to be used for normalization in q-PCR studies. Moreover, it is suggested that normalization to be based on , and for vegetative tissues and , , and Importin for reproductive tissues. In the present research, proper reference genes for normalization of gene expression studies under heat stress conditions were introduced. Moreover, the presence of genotype-by- planting date interaction effects and tissue specific gene expression pattern on the behavior of the most three stable reference genes was indicated.