Into the Unknown: Characterizing Fellow Uncertainty During the Transition to Unsupervised Practice

Helping fellows confront and manage uncertainty in the course of diagnosis and treatment of patients has been a growing focus of medical education. How these same fellows confront uncertainty as they make a transition in their professional development is less commonly a focus of training programs. Better understanding of how fellows experience these transitions will allow fellows, training programs, and hiring institutions to navigate transitions more easily. This study aimed to explore how fellows in the United States experience uncertainty during the transition to unsupervised practice. Using constructivist grounded theory, we invited participants to engage in semi-structured interviews exploring experiences with uncertainty as they navigate the transition to unsupervised practice. Between September 2020 and March 2021, we interviewed 18 physicians in their final year of fellowship training from 2 large academic institutions. Participants were recruited from adult and pediatric subspecialties. Data analysis was conducted using an inductive coding approach. Experiences with uncertainty during the transition process were individualized and dynamic. Primary sources of uncertainty identified included clinical competence, employment prospects, and career vision. Participants discussed multiple strategies for mitigating uncertainty, including structured graduated autonomy, leveraging professional networks locally and non-locally, and utilizing established program and institutional supports. Fellows' experiences with uncertainty during their transitions to unsupervised practice are individualized, contextual, and dynamic with several shared overarching themes.