Heart failure and telemedicine: where are we and where are we going? Opportunities and critical issues

Abstract Heart failure (HF) is one of the main causes of morbidity in the world and is responsible for an enormous amount of health costs, mostly due to hospitalizations. The remote control techniques of vital signs and health status have the potential to help prevent factors leading to HF instability by stimulating early therapeutic interventions. The goal of telemedicine is to change the intervention strategy from a ‘reactive’ type, in which therapy is optimized in response to the worsening of symptoms, to a ‘pro-active’ type, in which therapeutic changes are undertaken based on changes in the monitored parameters during the sub-clinical phase. This article is aimed at exploring the major results obtained by telemedicine application in HF patients with and without cardiac electronic devices or in those with haemodynamic sensors and to analyse the critical issues and the opportunities of its use.