Time‐restricted eating: What we know and where the field is going

Health benefits were dependent on the population and study outcomes and they included (but were not limited to) the following: weight loss [4,11-14], improved muscle performance [15], improved energy and restfulness [4,6,16], decreased hunger [4,17], improved glucose regulation [5,6,12,13,17-19], decreased blood pressure [5,6,11,14], and improved cholesterol [6,11]. New insights include the following: (1) new or understudied populations, including breast cancer survivors, pre- and postmenopausal women, and nonhuman primates; (2) innovative methods and analysis, including transcriptomics in adipose tissue, myofibrillar protein synthesis rates, hormonal changes, and bone metabolism and health; (3) insight into changes in weight and fat, including mathematical modeling of the circadian phase of dietary consumption and comparisons of caloric restriction, protein pacing, and temporal eating pattern; (4) a RCT to assess glucose regulation in a population that has obesity; and (5) assessments of other dietary changes and behaviors, mood, and sleep when practicing TRE. Future studies are needed to understand the feasibility, efficacy, safety, and mechanisms of TRE. [...]future studies should be RCTs (in most cases), have larger sample sizes, be of an extended intervention duration (6 months to multiple years), include multisite trials, study novel populations, and, most importantly, ensure proper methods for assessing dietary intake and participant communication.O CONFLICT OF INTEREST Emily N.C. Manoogian reports research support from the Wu Tsai Human Performance Alliance, travel support as an invited speaker for the International Union of Nutritional Sciences and the Danish Diabetes and Endocrine Academy, and honoraria from the Yoga Research Society Conference. Early time-restricted feeding improves insulin sensitivity, blood pressure, and oxidative stress even without weight loss in men with prediabetes.