Baseline interleukin‐10, CD163, and tumor necrosis factor‐like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) gingival tissue levels in relation to clinical periodontal treatment outcomes: A 12‐week follow‐up study

Background The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between healing response after non‐surgical periodontal treatment and baseline gingival tissue levels of M2 macrophage activation‐related proteins CD163, interleukin (IL)‐10, interferon (IFN)‐γ, and tumor necrosis factor‐like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK), and the CD163/TWEAK ratio. Methods Eighty‐eight gingival tissue samples from 44 Stage III/IV, Grade C periodontitis patients (18 smokers) and 41 tissue samples from 41 periodontally healthy participants (18 smokers) were evaluated. Clinical parameters were recorded in periodontally healthy individuals at baseline and in periodontitis patients at pre‐treatment and 2, 6, and 12 weeks following therapy. IL‐10, IFN‐γ, CD163, and TWEAK levels were analyzed with Luminex technique. Results Tissue levels (median, 1st–3rd quartile) of IL‐10 (pg/ng protein), CD163 (pg/μg protein) and TWEAK (pg/μg protein) were as follows: IL‐10 periodontitis: 2.08, 0.86–5.32 and periodontally healthy: 5.22, 3.20–10.25; CD163 periodontitis: 8.85, 4.92–14.06 and periodontally healthy: 18.36, 12.51‐34.02; TWEAK periodontitis: 0.08, 0.05–0.11 and periodontally healthy: 0.16, 0.12–0.21. IL‐10, CD163, and TWEAK levels were higher (P