Physiological levels of poly(ADP-ribose) during the cell cycle regulate HeLa cell proliferation

Protein targets of polyADP-ribosylation undergo covalent modification with high-molecular-weight, branched poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) of lengths up to 200 or more ADP-ribose residues derived from NAD+. PAR polymerase 1 (PARP1) is the most abundant and well-characterized enzyme involved in PAR biosynthesis. Extensive studies have been carried out to determine how polyADP-ribosylation (PARylation) regulates cell proliferation during cell cycle, with conflicting conclusions. Since significant activation of PARP1 occurs during cell lysis in vitro, we changed the standard method for cell lysis, and using our sensitive ELISA system, quantified without addition of a PAR glycohydrolase inhibitor and clarified that the PAR level is significantly higher in S phase than that in G1. Under normal condition in the absence of exogenous DNA-damaging agent, PAR turns over with a half-life of